Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example for Free

chirp Ann Duffy EssayOriginally was written by a Scottish lady, by the name of Carol Ann Duffy. The pursual commentary is to be comprised of varying elements, which conclude a decent analysis. These are the subject, mixture, t iodin, imagery, rhythm, rhyme and the poets intentions. The subject in this poem is the discovery of ones past and the process of moving forward in life by emigrating. This is explained by mental reactions or even physically. It seems as if the poet is attempting to convey to the reader that one must never pass on the pleasures that one has experienced, and start being aware of life. The following(a) three stanzas are comprised of eight lines each. The first stanza attempts to form a connection with the usage of assonance, rhyme and a half rhyme, which is another term for a consonance. This lot be seen in line 7 and line 8. where we didnt live any more. I stared at the eyeball of a blind toy, holding its paw. An alliteration is inserted at the begin ning of this stanza, Which fell through the fields, our mother cantabile This helps the lyrical quality, and provides a description of vast and warm area, a utopia for the child. A contrast is made straightforward between lines 2-3. Which fell through the fields, our mother singingOur fathers name to the turn of the wheels. This only influences the statement frontly mentioned, which counsellinged on warmth and comfort. In addition to this it focuses on an even love spread among the solely area and family. The last element provided in this stanza is distinct on the last line, I stared at the eye of a blind toy, holding its paw. The toy is used to clarify that a child is in the scenario some(a)where and that its a household. However this stanza seems a bit illusion full and as the first stanza progresses the child was some how deceived, as she seems deceived that the doll is blind.It can be certainly said that the second stanza has no rhyme stratagem at all. This stanza illus trates an uneasiness and unfamiliarity with the surroundings that the vocalizer is compressed into. The wording is that of a direct nature, as in many lines are statements. This can be seen on line 9, All childhood is an exile And line 11-12 Where no one you know stays. Others are sudden. Your accent wrong. This leads to an assumption, that the speaker is in some distemper, and therefore calms down and thinks a bit more which is cleverly carried out by the usage of commas as the following excerpt shows, All childhood is an out-migration. Some are slow,Leaving you standing, resigned, up an avenue Where no one you know stays. The second stanza illustrates an acceptation of emigration. The first 3 lines of the second stanza show one side to emigration and the remaining lines show another version to the whole idea. Compared to the first stanza, the speaker has come to terms with the traveling and mentality ideas, behind moving very often. There is one short usage of imagery on line 15, My parents anxiety stirred ilk a loose tooth in my head. This simile only provides an description into the anxiety that the speaker and its family had to go through, under the influence of emigration.However the parents might not be showing their anxiety, the speaker knows what they are going through. The third and last stanza has a dull government note, and a blurry phiz towards what is happening and to what may happen. Again the slowed tone is used on line 17. The usage of punctuation allows the speaker to gather its thoughts and ponder about the past experiences. Over the stanzas the tone has changed. On first sight the tone seemed depressive, and full of emotion. However it has become clear that the speaker has understood the matter, and not blames her/himself. To add to the lists of imagery, there is a simile mentioned on line 20 I remember my tongue shedding its skin like a glide, my voice This usage of defining how the speaker talks, is cleverly stated in that, it o utlines the clear differences visible between the speaker and the surroundings. A type alien image is perceived through the outlines life. Yet contradicting the previous statement, the speaker has come to terms that it is only natural to feel like an outcast, which is like a snake shedding its skin, in that it is only natural. The usage of only adds to a feeling of longing or miss something, which is held dear to the speakers heart.In a sense this poem is unique to others, in that the first two stanzas focus on fitting in and belonging to something, whereas the third stanza seems not able to keep this, identity crisis floor afloat. The poem seeks to convey the poets deep and personal feelings, which she may have experienced when she was younger. Emigration is a vernacular thing now a day for the modern youth, and each person has a different authority of handling it. Overall this poem is about moving from a secure warm environment, that one calls home, to that of a different surr ounding, by which the speaker treated it as emotional mine field.

Harley Davidson Supply Chain Improvements Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson deliver Chain Improvements EssayIn the early 1980s Wisconsin-based Harley-Davidson Motor Company, the countrys largest manufacturer of motorcycles, was assay to survive. Faced with an onslaught of sever competition from Japan and failing newly products, Harley-Davidson was challenged to take a breather profitable. However, non unaccompanied did Harley-Davidson survive, it became a huge success story, with sales increasing from 36,735 motorcycles in 1986 to 291,417 in 2003 to over 350,000 motorcycles in 2006. It has to a fault expanded globally into Europe, China and India.A significant factor in its turnaround was the strategic changes it make in managing its render chain during the next decade. In the mid-1990s Harley-Davidson initiated sophisticated leave chain strategies to humble breed and purchasing damages while improving product quality and delivery times from providers. Harley-Davidson this instant expects suppliers to focus strategically o n cost, delivery, and quality improvement and to hit established cost and quality targets.Suppliers be expected to meet twice the level of quality and to develop a written strategic platform to achieve goals for quality improvement. Suppliers argon graded according to defective parts-per-million and it has a target goal of 48 defective parts-per-million that suppliers are expected to achieve. Harley-Davison sends suppliers a monthly report showing their quality and delivery performance, and if the supplier receives a bad report Harley-Davidson sends their people to the supplier to determine the problems and help them resolve them.If the supplier does not improve its performance, it is replaced. In 1995 defective parts-per-million for suppliers were generally around 10,000 however, by 2001 approximately 75% of Harley-Davidsons supplier base was performing at 48 defective parts-per-million or better, and 36 suppliers were performing at nonentity defective parts-per-million. These objectives consciously reduced Harley-Davidsons supplier base that could not meet expectations for cost, quality, and delivery by 80%, from 4,000 suppliers to 800.In some cases Harley-Davidson has moved toward single-source relationships with suppliers. In these instances, the company partners with one supplier for a part, system, or component for example, lighting systems, instrumentation gauges, or ignition systems and works closely with the supplier to develop applied science that the company needs to remain competitive. Approximately 80 on-site (resident) suppliers take part in new product design, creating an interface between the company and its suppliers that helps Harley-Davidson improve quality and cut costs.In return, Harley-Davidson remains allegiant to the supplier and reduces supplier uncertainty, provided of course that the supplier continues to meet the companys objectives for improvement. In order for Harley-Davidson suppliers to remain competitive they must enfor ce similar exacting goals and standards on their own suppliers, thus creating efficiency and cost effectiveness along the entire length of the supply chain from Harley-Davidsons suppliers to its suppliers suppliers, and so on.Harley Davidson is using the cyberspace to further improve its supply chain performance. The company launched an interactive Internet-based supply chain management system that placed a large portion of the companys supply chain management plainly to the Internet. It provided all suppliers with learning they need to conduct online financial transactions and reduce the time spent chasing invoices. Suppliers are linked by a web portal to critical business transaction information, including data on delivery and quality performance and the status of financial transactions.In-house software reports defect rates that provides quick feedback to suppliers close to bad components. Suppliers can look at production schedules and delivery requirements and assess their ability to meet those schedules. Documents and information previously sent using an EDI format are now sent more cheaply with the Internet, which is also more universally available to supply companies, particularly smaller ones.What has been the effect of these changes in supply chain management at Harley-Davidson? They reduced operating expenses by $161 million the company now manages its inventory according to a JIT system, and it runs on 6. 5 to 10 days worth of inventory compared to 8 to 15 days of inventory before its supply chain initiatives its logistics and distribution center costs as a percentage of sales decreased by 59%. By any measure Harley-Davidsons supply chain management strategy has been a success.

Malungay Powder Essay Example for Free

Malungay Powder stressMalunggay Powder, A Solution for Nutritional Diffeciencies I. Background of the chew over Health awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investors joining effort, and wellness is the net gain. Most people think that adapting a healthy and well learn life is expensive and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes the cheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the unwearying quest to alternatives and remedies. Malunggay is a kind of veggies that is enrich with vitamins, minerals and amino acids that are needed for optimum health. The importance of this vegetable particularly its leaves serve as a food supplement, Malunggay touted as All- around miracle tree or constitutions medicine cabinet contains a ample variety of nutrients in high amounts. This disintegrateized form vegetable add nutrition to our deficient diet due to modern food preparation, lack of family food budget, and worry lifestyles that ma ke it hard to prepare a healthy and balanced diet food. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritional deficiencies. II. Significance of the StudyThis study will promote awareness on the relevance of answer vegetable meals, soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay powder. It encourages households to plant Malunggay in their backyards for personal consumption. Furthermore, it supports the Department of Agriculture on their program of propagating vegetable tend e. g. Malunggay and other nutritional vegetables as a revenue-generating industry? under its biotechnology program where it currently enjoys wide array of Malunggay and other vegetable based products manufactured in the Philippines and being sold in local anesthetic and international markets.Finally, it inspires people to study and research all the benefits of vegetables and other agricultural products. II. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study focused on the specifications of how to proc ure the major quality ingredients, the Malunggay leaves and conscientiously observe the proper preparation and storehouse of the produce product. It took a month to got the final result of the research work using the method of experimentation. As Malunggay leaves is readily cultivated in the backyard and easily harvested. The study undergo three (3) repeated experimentations to come up with the reliable and factual results.Firstly, the outcome of the Malunggay leaves harvested at noontime when the sun is intense. Secondly, the primary ingredient, malunggay leaves will be hang extraneous with moderate exposure to sunlight. And lastly, the recommended procedure wherein the malunggay leaves is harvested in early morning was followed closely to yield the desired result. III. methodology In acquiring the study of Malunggay powder, constant research was done. Facts were gain from books and computer resources. The abundance of the said vegetables which almost of the time left out wilte d encouraged our curious mind, thus this investigatory and research was done.The accessibility and availability of this Malunggay vegetable inspired us, the Biology Group 1 of II- Zatti where an actual and continuous propagation was make to ensure freshness of harvest during the several process of experimentation. The materials used in this study were (1. ) 3 compile of Malunggay leaves (approximately 1 kilo) (2. ) clothes pin (3. ) mortar and pestle or blender (grinder) (4. ) Brown paper bulk or empty box with wide opening (5. ) sealed container or ziplock The preparation or procedures of Malunggay powder were as follows

Different kinds of motivation

Different kinds of motivatingThe importance of distinct kinds of motivation in SL cultureThe presence of different types of motivation can be reliablel(a)y helpful for the words learner to achieve the best practicable results in the learn process. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any kind of skill without motivation. Although too high levels of fervency may backfire (and cause anxiety), it is inevitable to possess a healthy level of motivation in order to achieve results. Although students motivation is obviously not entirely under the teachers control, the instructor should do some(prenominal) is possible to increase this factor.It is commsolely acknowledged that motivation can positively influence language learning. mass be heavily dominated by their emotions, even in such seemingly dispassionate issues as language learning is. No wonder that student feelings start as much power to need their learning success as their styles and strategies (Ehrman, 1996, p.135.). A ccording to the definition of Ehrman (1996), motivation is the perceived progeny for the students investment of time, energy, and effort.(p.137.). App atomic number 18ntly, if this payoff is low, the student will either stop learning the language for good or, if they do not confirm an option, they will be caught in a web of bad feelings and even worse grades. Then, the failures will only generate further disappointment. On the other hand, a student who finds at least one rule-governed reason for continuing their language fill is already on the right track. Anyone who has attempted language study is able to think of a number of such reasons. Yet, the scientific study of motivation is extremely ch every(prenominal)enging, since all the factors influencing motivation are interrelated and continually changing. They cannot very well be categorized according to the power point of their power. Therefore, motivation for learning a foreign language has usually been classified according to its possible sources.A common way of categorization is to distinguish extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. According to definition (and closely affiliated with its name) intrinsic motivation is thought of as being within the task it egotism a sense of achievement, self-esteem, pluck in solving the problem, enjoyment of the class, being able to use the language as desired. (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.220.) Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is connected with other consequences of success on the task (Johnson Johnson, p.220.), such as promotion at ones workplace, good grades, and so on.Another model of classification is that of Robert Gardners (as cited in Ehrman, 1996). He divided motivation into implemental and combinatory types. The first may be equated to extrinsic motivation, while the other is more interesting it has to do with the desire to become part of a target language community. (Ehrman, 1996) As the inquiry of motivation in language learning progressed, many other theories have been drawn up, using similar and new motive elements as well.An especially intricate model of motivation has been created by Zoltn Drnyei. It is called the L2 Motivational ego System and it consists of three main components ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self and the L2 learning experience. (as cited in Csizr Kormos, 2009, p.99.). The ideal L2 self is an image of how students would like to see themselves, in this case, as fluent speakers of a given language. This component includes Gardners integrative motivation as well. The ought-to L2 self includes the characteristics of an ideal psyche who is able to evade failure in language study. The notion of L2 learning experience is quite easy to grasp, it basically means the motivating force of the learning settings. An experiment that Csizr and Kormos (2009) conducted with the participation of secondary school and university students in Budapest gave the results that the main factors influencing language learning wer e the ideal L2 self and the learning experiences, while the role of the ought-to L2 self seemed marginal (Csizr Kormos, p.109.). Although this study is rise to be somewhat narrow to draw too general conclusions from, it clearly demonstrates an principal(prenominal) idea the learning environment has a great influence on student motivation. As is shown by the experiment of Csizr and Kormos (2009), some motivation types have an implication for language instruction, because they may be influenced by teaching strategy. However, on that point are several problems with enhancing motivation. In the first place, as it has been mentioned before, it is not an easy task to study motivation motivation types are notoriously difficult to isolate and motivation is problematical to measure. Moreover, the relationship of theory and research to classroom situation (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.223.) is also questionable, that is, the theories are often difficult to prove and apply in real life situat ions. What is more, although motivation is generally considered to be necessary, teachers might not be able to devote plenteous attention to it, because of the large size of the learning group or other unfavourable circumstances. Finally, there are cases when motivation simply cannot be influenced from the outside, as in the case of integrative motivation of a person who pointedly dislikes a culture associated with a language or feels aversions to the language itself.In spite of all these complications, there has been a consistent move towards motivation-enhancing learning activities (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.224.). The ways Ehrman (1996) suggests to deal with lack of motivation are the following most importantly she advises listening to the anger, tension, and mixed motivations (p.142) of the unenthusiastic students and helping them cope with their destructive emotions using, for example, repose exercises(p.143). Another idea of Ehrman (1996) is to motivate students with activit ies that are in accordance with their interests and pastimes. These strategies sound very practical and sensible, however, they have considerable limitations taking into account the varied composition of the class and the fact that the teacher is not a psychologist. There are other, more theoretical means that are thought to boost motivation as well. According to Stevick (as cited in Johnson Johnson, 1998) relevance of material to the students language requirements, completeness of the syllabus, authenticity of the information provided, satisfaction of students beyond learning and immediacy of the knowledge gained are five types of reward that could be built into materials and would encourage students to persevere and succeed. (Johnson Johnson, 1996, p.224.). rough of Stevicks ideas, namely that of relevance, authenticity and immediacy have already been adopted (the first two by the verbiage for Specific Purposes movement and the last one in Notional Functional Syllabuses), whil e completeness and satisfaction are more debated (Johnson Johnson, p.224.)In summary, motivation is a slippery notion that can be neither metric properly, nor examined very precisely, as it changes from community to community, from person to person, and may even change in the learning annals of a single student. Still, there are ways to study motivation and as it is admittedly an important factor of language learning, research and practice, hand in hand, should try to find ways to make it as high as possible.ReferencesCsizr, K., Kormos, J. (2009). Learning Experiences, Selves and Motivated Learning Behaviour A Comparative Analysis of geomorphological Models for Hungarian morselary and University Learners of English. In Z. Drnyei E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self (pp. 98-119). Bristol, England Multilingual Matters.Ehrman, M. E. (1996). Understanding Second Language Learning Difficulties. London SAGE.Johnson, K., Johnson H. (Eds.). (1998). Motiva tion. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. (pp. 219-225). Oxford, England Blackwell.

Auditor Ethical Standards and Auditing Strategies

Auditor honorable Standards and Auditing StrategiesDiscuss the ethical standards call for of take stockors.The Auditing Practices Board (APB) has issued new standards governing the ethical conduct of scrutinizeors which commenced on 15 December, 2004 (Cosserat, 2004). The following lists the new Ethical StandardsIntegrity, Objectivity and independenceThese new ethical standards also include the feature that clients must also facilitate policies new standards is that auditors of a control environment select an ethics henchman. This position entails the review of the blottos procedures and policies which regard to compliance and as such(prenominal) it provides the associated centering for partners. The new Standards recognize that for smaller audit firms it might not be practical for an ethics partner to be designated.The new Ethical Standards argon a import of a number of international developments equal by either international organizations and or countries that get helped to bring about the changes to Standards. These are represented by the followingThe United States jurisprudence termed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which lays down the independence requirements for auditors. In especial(a) it addresses audit firms that audit SEC registrants or participant in signifi dropt parts of the foregoing.A report that is titled make Public Confidence in Financial Reporting, which is an international perspective that was developed as a result of the commissioning by the IFAC of an independent group to address the previous, andAs a result of the produce of the Principles of Auditor Independence which was put forth by the International Organization of Securities Commissions.The new Standards are what are termed principles- found as opposed to rules-based. The preceding means that there are clear requirements as well as prohibitions. The key underpinning of this change provides for stricter compliance with the spirit of intention and consequently prevent the possi bility of either a firm or person attempting to evade or avoid conformity with the rule. The effect of the foregoing helps to visit compliance with ethical standards in that intention covers a broader ethical parameter. In effect, one could avoid or evade breaking a rule, however the intent with either actions or the change in former action(s) could point to the definitive attempt to do so. This broader interpretation widens the scope of ethics and requires auditors to conduct their actions whence throughout the process.In a speech delivered by Douglas Carmichael at the AICPA National Conference on 12 December, 2003 (Carmichael, 2003) he sets forth the examples of alleged audit failures of National Student Marketing in 1969, Penn Central in 1970 and Equity Funding in 1973 as instances whereby principle based auditing might feel got forestalled the problems. The foregoing is confessedly of Enrons collapse in 2001 and indicates that the broader scope or ethics afforded auditors under the principle based methodological analysis provides better rules and guidance from which auditors brush aside act.Financial, traffic, employment and personal relationshipsThis segment of the new Standards communicate the varied relationships that can and do exist between clients and audit firms and their staff. This limits the nature of relationships and threats to the objectivity and independence of audits and prohibits those which the APB believes that no effective safeguards can be introduced.Long association with the audit engagementAssociations of long duration poses potential threats, in particular with regard to those represented by publicly listed companies. Thus, the new Standards set forth the rotation of audit firm partners to introduce objectivity as well as independence. The new Standards sets that term as five (5) days as the continuous consequence limit as well as a break period of five (5) years for the rotation.Fees, economic dependence, remuneration and evaluation policies, litigation, gifts and hospitality.One earthshaking, and highly debated point is the requirement that no single client shall account for more than ten percent (10%) of an audit companys yearbook fee. This figure is fifteen percent (15%) for non-publicly listed firms.Non-audit serve provided to audit clientsThis segment of the new Standards identifies the general approach to non-audit serve and applies general principles to various specific non-audit aspects such asInternal audit servicesAccounting servicesInformation technology servicesValuation servicesRecruitment and remuneration servicesCorporate services, and impose servicesExplain what is meant by the term Risk Based Auditingand the advantages that accrue to the auditor inutilizing a run a danger basedRisk based auditing entails the providing of independent assurances on the management of risks, and forming an opinion which sound controls have been implemented maintained to mitigate those signifi cant risks . Management has agreed upon (Association of Chartered Accountants, 2002). Risk based auditing addressed some important aspects and questions which controls-based auditing does not answer. The benefit of risk based auditing is that it provides a basis for the auditor to have an examination of the business process and its risks. The foregoing provides a context for the results.Risk based auditing changes the carriage in which informal auditors think as well as converse regarding control and risk. The auditor anticipates change and examines the manner in which management deals or is dealing with risks (McNamee et al, 1999) An advantage of risk based auditing is that the auditor is typically feel at control activities that were designed at some previous point to deal with aspects which may have long since been forgotten. In other words the internal auditor might be examining activities which might or might not be relevant in terms of current risks. Said controls could act ually be extraneous as a result of monitoring deviceing aspects which are either no longer important or in existence. Another aspect is that essential controls could very possibly be overlooked as in a sense they do not exist yet due to changes in the business process.A good number of internal auditors have implemented the utilization of control self-assessment (CSA) as a means to address some of the concerns of management in capturing the state of the business process with regard to risk and control. It is important to note that control models both limit and define CSA so as a result these applications usually start with controls to the right and to the left of the internal audit. The limit of CSA is in its ability to explore the future.Risked based auditing has internal auditors anticipating change. As opposed to the old approach of focusing upon history, the reports generated by auditors address the present as well as the companys preparedness level with respect to dealing with the future. The advantage is that internal audits complete the circle with respect to assurance of control regarding present operation plans and provide input to risk assessment with regard to the strategic plan. As a result, management places a higher degree of determine on risk based internal audits than those of the traditional controls based type. The failure of the United States based Enron during 2001 has been a major factor adding to the impetus for improved fiscal reporting and auditing /Crossert, 200). The essential elements of todays financial reporting systems are business viability along with profitability assessments (Bell et al, 1997). The foregoing is accomplished by key audit steps, auditing procedures concerning strategy analysis, key indicators that are required as well as necessary to effectively monitor performance and risk assessment.Enrons collapse has brought about standards that strengthen the responsibility of auditors in detecting prank. The preceding req uires evaluation of the effectiveness of an entities first management in preventing such misstatements as a result of fraud or other means. It also calls more attention to irregularities of a minor nature and thus hold dear their significance as the multiplicity of such small irregularities can be significant.Describe three (separate) codes of legislation under which statutory auditors may be required to make a report to the governor in the event of non-compliance on the part ofa client with the law and provide examples where an auditor would be required to issue a reportThe Criminal Justice Act (Irish regulation Book, 20053) under Section 59 Reporting of Offences sets forth legislation whereby auditors may be required to issue a report to the regulator as a result of non-compliance by a client with statutes of the law. It describes under relevant person (Irish Statute Book, 20053) (a) who audits the accounts of a firm Under the Act, an auditor is required to issue a report for th e following(2) Where the accounts of a firm, or as the case may be any information or document mentioned in subsection (1)(b), indicate that an offence under this Act (other than sections 8, 12 to 15, 49(1) and 52(8) may have been committed by the firm concerned, orsuch an offense may have been committed in relation to its personal business by a partner in the firm or, in the case of a corporate or unincorporated body, by a director, manager, secretary or other employee thereof, or by the self-employed man-to-man concerned,the relevant person (which in this instance includes the auditor as depict above), shall, notwithstanding any master obligations of privilege or secretity, report that fact to a member of the Garda Siochana.The instances referred to by the preceding are described as (2) For the purposes of this Act a person deceives if he or she are as follows (Irish Statute Book, 20053) 1. (a) creates or reinforces a false impression, including a false impression as to law, take to be or intention or other state of mind,(b) prevents another person from acquiring information which would affect that persons judging of a transaction, or(c) fails to correct a false impressions which the deceiver previously created or reinforced or which the deceiver knows to be influencing another to whom he or she stands in a fiduciary or confidential relationship An example of the preceding shall be addressed under section (a). This refers to an instance whereby either contracts, or real property value of a corporations assets are miss-stated. Such can be accomplished through the utilization of a qualified or recognized third party or in secret approval whereby said third party conducting said valuation is unaware of the addition of material miss-statements that inflate the value or price under said instances. A contract, for example, could be altered as to the agreed upon terms, payment, and thus said inflated price affects the outcome of an audit whereby the firms value of income is thereby heightened.The corresponding type of back office procedure could also relate to an appraisal of real property such as plant, real estate or equipment whereby either its price, terms of sale or existence has been altered. These types of spoil are the sustentative underpinnings. The foregoing broad examples represent the activities which resulted in the United States affecting such companies as WorldCom and spheric Crossing. The miss-statement of various financial reporting areas caused the valuations of these companies to be inflated thus increasing the stock price forward subsequent investigations uncovered the miss-statement errors. The bankruptcy proceedings and drop in stock price affected millions of shareholders and caused significant financial loss.BibliographyAssociation of Chartered Accountants. 2002. Definition of Risk Based Auditing. http//www.accaglobal.com/technical/responses/archive/650602Bell, , T., Mars, F., Solomon, I. Thomas, H. 1997. Auditing Organizations Through a Strategic Systems Lens The KPMG Business Measurement Process. KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, Illinois,Carmichael, Douglas. 2003. Professionalism is Primary. Speech delivered before AICPA National Conference 12, December, 2003, Washington D.C.Cosserat, Graham. 2000. recent Auditing. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0470863226Irish Statute Book. 2003. Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offenses) Act. www.irishstatutebook.ieMcNamee, David, Selim, Georges. 1999. The next step in risk management risk-based auditing. Internal Auditor, published by The Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamonte Springs, Florida, The United States

Dabhol power plant: Stakeholder management

Dabhol pr extend show Stakeholder vigilanceEffective Stakeholder Management in a Project environmentStakeholders atomic number 18 those individuals, corporations, public, and g overnment bodies etc. which ar today affected by the consequent of a sick. In upstart quantify it has been seen in India that m both juttings drive home failed or delayed due to escape of pay off stakeholder management. s airyly of the major bears which clear failed or delayed be Dabhol force Project, Tatas Nano Project in West Bengal, corporate trust Dadri Project in UP and many more than. These watchs failed in the planning phase itself. In the Dabhol federal agency check eldestly the stakeholders were non identified in an efficient focal point and then communion divers(a) stakeholders was lacking. Stakeholder Management is a address which is perpetual in nature and spans finished the life pass of the send off. Stakeholders in a typical project beau monde(special purp ose vehicle ) rump be nonice through various proficiencys the resemblings of brainstorming, Delphi technique, etc and various opposite techniques alto engenderherow ind in this report. The next speculative thing in stakeholder management is doing a stakeholder comp remove through which we lead be sufficient to draw a straits map out of the stake holder in addition we would be able to govern the stakeholder according to their influencing power on the project. Next we draw a discourse plan for the stakeholders, this will hold sheath of medium, frequency, format of communion. discourse has emerged as sensation of the major factor affecting a projects outcome, appeal and metre. The draw below shows a general framework of stakeholder management In this blither report we befuddle taken a study of ultra mega power plant (UMPP), which atomic number 18 under construction and be in various stages of completion. basal mega power plants will devote an inst anyed c apacity of 4000 MW. UMPP polity was uncover by the Minis try out of power through Electricity Act, 2003. The regime envisages power for totally by 2012, which means an summation of 100000 MW to the installed capacity at the end of 10th plan. In the 10th plan India missed the tar start uped capacity addition by approximately half of the broad(a) to be added. personnel finance alliance (PFC) has been assigned the task of cr sire pentadr special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Of the pentad localizes identified initially for UMPP, quaternion have been already accorded up boulder clay now.ObjectiveTo find a method of operateling time and cost over runs using a better stakeholders management techniques through the planning, murder and closing stages of a UMPP project.MethodologyThe dissertation report is base on applied research. Various reports of inter content consultancies have been cited in this dissertation report. entropy have been collected from infraline , primaeva l Electricity Authority (CEA) websites. A lucubrate study has been through on stark naked trends in stakeholder management.INDIAN force SECTORTo write pages and pages of guess on the power scenario in India would non be an effective way to conduct the current bothers faced by this sector. The statistics fall inn below contribute the bounce more effectively communicate the sentience of urgency that this sector demands.A study conducted by the Manufactures Association for randomness Technology (MAIT) and Emerson Network Power (India) offends that in 2008-2009 power outages both plan and non-scheduled accounted for to the highest degree Rs 43205 Crore losses to Indian Inc. This amount was Rs 22000 Crore in the category 2003.regulatory FRAMEWORK IN POWER SECTORIn India, crack over the development of the power industry is sectiond amid the Central and the affirm governments. The Ministry of Power is the highest authority governing the power industry in India. The C EA, a statutory governing body constituted under the Electricity Supply Act, is the skilful branch of the Ministry of Power assisting in technical, financial and economic matters relating to the electricity industry. The CEA is liable for giving concurrence to schemes involving capital disbursal beyond a sure limit as fixed by the government from time to time, and it is as well as obligated for the development of a intemperate, adequate and uniform power insurance policy in relation to the control and utilization of national power resources. The Central Electricity regulatory Commission constituted under the Electricity restrictive Commissions Act1998 is an independent statutory body with quasi-judicial powers. Its main functions include the formulation of policy and the framing of guidelines with regard to electricity obligations. Several pronounces have delimit up rural bea Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) and others be in the process of orbit them up. The SERCs are booked in regulating the purchase, distri stillion, fork out and utilization of electricity, tariff and charges payable, as rise up as the quality of service. give in brasss have set up State Electricity Boards at the State level, which are responsible for ensuring that the supply, transmittance and distri neerthelession of electricity in much(prenominal) states is d adept in the most economical and efficient manner. These State Electricity Boards are seatulate to coordinate with power generating companies, as well as the government entities that control the relevant power grids. Some States have amalgamated their respective State Electricity Boards to form Regional Electricity Boards, to ensure that the electricity supply, transmission and distribution policies are consistently applied. Private sector companies operating in the electricity supply, transmission and distribution industry report to the Ministry of Power, as well as their respective State Electr icity Boards and their State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs)There is a great difference between the supply and demand of electric power in India. According to CEA periodic report in January2010 the peak deficit was 12.2 % i.e. 112029 MW. A KPMG1 report sites that per capita outlay of electricity is 700 units inIndia, 1800 units in China and 15000 units in USA man the cosmea average is 2300 units. Therefore to bridge this deficit and raise per capita consumption, the government came out with reforms through electricity act, 2003. Ultra Mega Power Projects are diverge of these reforms, in which power plants with an installed capacity of 4000 MW, with an estimated cost of Rs 16000 Crore, will be constructed cross slipway the country. The nodal agency for UMPP program will be Power pay Corporation (PFC). Nine sites have been selected for construction of UMPP. Five sites are coastal sites, p isthmus four are pithead sites. PFC has set up separ ate special Purpose vehicles(SPVs) for individually of the nine UMPPs identified so far as to act as authorized representatives of the procurers. The SPVs have been named subsequently the name of the site. solely the 9 SPVs are wholly professed subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation special(a). Akaltara Power Limited is renamed as Chhattisgarh Surguja Power Ltd (CSPL).The main features of the Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) are-The UMPP would enjoyment Super Critical Technology with the trip up to achieve high levels of fuel efficiency, which results in saving of fuel and begin green-ho handling gas emissions.Flexibility in unit size subject to bankers acceptance of specified minimum supercritical parameters.Integrated power projects with dedicated unfree ember blocks for pithead projects.Coastal Project to purpose imported blacken.Role of Ministry of Power (MoP)-Coordination with Central Ministries/Agencies to make sure-Coal Block al mussment/coal LinkageEnvironment /Forest ClearancesWater LinkagesRequired support from State Governments and their agenciesWorking out allocation of power to different states from UMPPs consultation with the states.Facilitating PPA and proper payment of shelter mechanism with State Governments/State Utilities.Monitoring the fall out of shell companies with respect to predetermined timelines.Role of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)Appointment of consultants to undertake planning of Project Report, preparation of rapid Environment Impact Assessment.Appointment of Consultants for International Competitive control (ICB), document preparation evaluation.To finalise RFQ/RFP documents in consultation with states / bidders.To ravish out RFQ/RFP process and award of projects.Acquisition of land for the project.Obtaining coal blocks for pit-head projects.Getting clearances regarding allocation of wet by the state Govt. for pit head locations.Approvals for use of sea water from nautical Board/ other Govt. Agencies for coas tal locations.Obtain clearances from state pollution control boards, initiate forest clearances etc. as required for the project and for the coal mines, followed by environment and forest clearances from the central government.Obtaining geological reports / other link up data from CMPDI for the coal blocks.Tie up the off take/ cut-rate sale of power.Role of StatesRehabilitation Resettlement PlanLand OwnersGive authorization to the PFC/SPV to carry out the bidding process on behalf of the distribution utilities.Facilitate signing of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)Ensure proper payment security mechanism with the distribution utilities.Sasan Power LtdSasan is situated in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is the fiftieth district of the state, Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is turn inn as the Energy Capital of India. It has the 10 % of the total installed capacity of India. The district likewise has bighearted deposits of coal in c ache coal fields. River Rihand has a dam on it known as Govind Vallabh buckle Sagar Dam. Thus Singrauli provides fine conditions for thermal power generation.Sasan UMPP is a pit head- ground thermal power project with an aggregate capacity of 3,960MW (6660 MW) using supercritical technology. The project also involves development of captive coal blocks, viz Moher, Moher-Amlohri Ex stress and Chhattrasal at the Singrauli coalfields to have the coal requirements of the power project. *. Thus fuel peril is organism managed by the SPV on its own. Therefore risk of fuel deficit is minimised, giving a overconfident impact on the project. The location of the project itself reduces many risks like availability of fuel and water. Both coal mines and a reservoir are available in the vicinity. On other hand the area is little densely populated indeed problem of land acquisition automatically got resolved.The tender ProcessSasan UMPP was awarded through a two stage private-enterprise(a) bidding process. Lanco infrate ch and Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd ( a Singapore found firm) were stated winners after they quoted the lowest bid for the project of Rs 1.196 / Kw, in dec2006. In Feb2007 Globeleq Ltd, Bermuda, parent company of Globeleq Singapore, sold its Singapore business arm to Jindal Steel and Power Ltd and Lanco infratechs, Mauritius establish holding company. This move was challenged by the rival bidders in the court. The government declared the bid of Lanco Infratech ltd -Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd. as invalid. A week later trustfulness Energy submitted a fresh bid of Rs 1.19/ Kw. Consequently the project was awarded to a consortium Reliance Infra Ltd. this consortium consists of Reliance Infra Projects UK Ltd (RIPUL), an tie in of REL Infra.Sasan Power Ltd. (SPL) had invited bids on behalf of state electricity boards/ electricity distribution companies/ state electricity utilities of Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh on 31st Mar2006.Technical Requirement for the bidders- Should have go across of developing projects ( non necessarily power projects) in the function 10 longsighted time whose aggregate capital cost mustiness not be slight than Rs. 3000 Crores. Out of these projects , the capital cost of at least nonpareil project should be equivalent to Rs. 500 Crores. For the purpose capital expenditure on the projects that have been completed at least 7 old age before the RFQ submission date shall be considered. Lead member shall be the company having at least 26% stake in the Bidding Consortium.Financial Requirement for the bidders- Internal resource generation equal to atleast Rs. 1200 Cores or equivalent US$ computed as cumulative internecine resources generated during last five years business operations, networth of Rs. 1000 Crore or equivalent US$ based on any of the past three years hotshot-year accounts and annual turnover of Rs. 2400 Crores or equivalent US$ based on any of the past thr ee years annual accounts. The financial requirements of separately extremity in Bidding Consortium shall be combined in harmonize to the investment commitment by each of them.Enclosures with the bid proposal- top LetterJoint Deed Agreement between Members in Bidding Consortium.Letter of consent from all Members in Bidding Consortium.Board Resolution.Initialling of all pages of Bid by authorized signatory.Executive Summary.Last five year annual Accounts of Bidding Company or each of the Member in case of a Bidding Consortium.Reliance Infra Ltd.Reliance Infra Ltd. is the flagship company of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG). The company develops and operates power plants both domestically and internationally. The company on its own and through subsidiaries is currently developing 13 medium and large sized power projects with a combined plan installed capacity of 28,200 MW, integrity of the largest portfolios of power generation assets under development in India. 13 power project s are plan to be diverse in geographic location, fuel type, fuel source and off-take, and each project is planned to be strategically located closelipped an available fuel supply or load center. The identified project sites are located in western India (12,220 MW), northern India (9,080 MW) and north-eastern India (2,900 MW) and southern India (4,000 MW). They include six coal-fired projects (14,620 MW) to be furnish by reserves from captive mines and supplies from India and abroad, two gas-fired projects (10,280 MW) to be fuelled primarily by reserves from the Krishna graven imageavari Basin (the KG Basin) off the east coast of India, and four hydroelectric projects (3,300 MW), three of them in Arunachal Pradesh and one in Uttarakhand. Reliance Power has acquired the two ultra mega power projects of 4,000 MW each at Sasan in Madhya Pradesh and Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. The 7,480 MW project to be located at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh is expected to be the largest gas-fired po wer project at a single location in the world. The power generated by these projects is to be sold under a confederacy of long-term and pathetic-term PPAs to state-owned and private distribution companies and industrial consumers.Reliance Power limitedtoday has total generating capacity of 941 megawatts from five different plants located in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Goa, of which the Dahanu plant (Maharashtra) is the largest with 500 megawatts. Reliance Power is currently pursuing several gas, coal, pervert and hydro-based power generation projects in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal with aggregate capacity of over 12,500 MW. These projects are at various stages of development.5,600 MW Project (Phase I) at Dhirubhai Ambani Energy City (DAEC), Dadri in Uttar Pradesh4,000 MW Power Project at Shahapur in Maharashtra280 MW Urthing Sobla Hydro Power Project in Uttaranchal700 MW Hydro Power Project at Tato II and 1,000 MW Hydro Pow er Project at Siyom, both in Arunachal PradeshThe 941 MW Generation capacity of the Reliance Power comes from five projectsDahanu TPS the 2250 MW multi fuel based thermal power mail at Dahanu near Mumbai.BSES Andhra Power Limited The 220 MW combined cycle power plant at Samalkot in Andhra Pradesh.BSES Kerala Limited The 165 MW combined cycle power station at Kochi, Kerala.Goa Power Station The 48 MW naptha based combined cycle power plant at GoaC giberadurga wind farm The 8 MW flex Farm Project at Jogimatti in the district of Chitradurga in Karnataka.Reliance Infra Ltd is also in the distribution and the transmission business. Reliance is already hold blankets a distribution network in Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Delhi, with the name BSES (BOMBAY SUBURBAN electrical energy SUPPLY). Its transmission business is with the business arm, Reliance Power Transmission Limited (RPTL).Chapter 3 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENTStakeholder has specific raise in the project outcome or in the initial s tages of project planning, implementation and closing. If the stakeholder interest is not managed efficiently the project whitethorn puff delayed or it may fail. We house assign that with stakeholder management we are actually managing various risk associated with the project. Thus for efficient risk management, the project bus should have efficacious knowledge about the stakeholders interests, power and regularize, to achieve this, one has to identify and give the gatevas the stakeholders.Almost any person or organization with an interest in a project posterior be termed a stakeholder.The type and interest of a stakeholder are of great importance to a project bus sincethey enable him or her to use these to the greatest benefit of the project. The process of listing, classifying and assessing the influence of these stakeholders is termed stakeholder abstract. Stakeholders basin be divided into two main groupingsDirect (or primary) stakeholder validatory (or secondary) stakeholderDirect stakeholderThis group is made up, as the name implies, of all those at one time associated or elusive in theplanning, administration or execution of the project. These include the client, project sponsor,project manager, members of the project team, technical and financial services providers,internal or external consultants, material and equipment suppliers, site personnel, contractorsand subcontractors as well as end users. In other words, stack or organizations directly involved in all or some of the various phases of the project.Indirect stakeholdersThis group covers all those indirectly associated with the project such(prenominal) as internal managersof the organization and support staff not directly involved in the project including the HRdepartment, accounts department, secretariat, senior management levels not directly responsible for the project, and last but not least the families of the project manager and team members. A sub-section of indirect stake holders are those representing the regulatory authorities such as national and local government, public utilities, licensing and inspecting organizations, technical institutions, professional bodies, and own(prenominal) interest groups such as stockholders, labour unions and pressure groups. Each of these groups bed contain incontrovertible stakeholders who support the aims and inclinationives of the projectNegative stakeholders who do not support the project and do not wish it to proceed.Direct stakeholders mainly consist of positive stakeholders as they are the ones concernedwith the design and implementation of the project with the object of completing it within thespecified parameters of time, cost and quality/performance. They at that placefore include the sponsor, project manager and the project design, construction/installation teams. This group could also have negative stakeholders such as employees of the end user, who would prefer to halt the existing facility because the new installation might result in relocation or take down redundancyWe rout out divide the stakeholders based on various project requirements. The stakeholders a project areGovernment-Central-State Governments, Government Organisations, RegulatorFinance-Banks, Financial InstitutionsConcessionaire-Project Manager, Project Team MembersCon sessionee-Government OrganisationsTechnology-Suppliers, Technology ownersEnvironment Government Ministry, International WatchdogLand-Land ownersWater-Ministry of Water ResourcesFuel-Coal MinistryStakeholders in a BusinessA successful business origin identifies its key stakeholders and identifies their shoots. A company can accomplish its stakeholder goals manifestly by managing and linking work processes. High-performance companies are more and more focussing on the need to manage core business process such as new product development. They are reengineering the work flows and construct cross functional teams responsible for each process. For a business the stakeholders may be as questImportance of Stakeholders Management aright stakeholders can influence the project in a big wayPowerful stakeholders can help the project in securing important resources.Experienced stakeholders can guide the project managers during tough times.Communicating with the stakeholders previous(predicate) and ofttimes can make the stakeholders understand the benefits of the outcome of the project.It charters to understanding the reactions of the stakeholders during the progress of the project and thus the project manager can do the needful changes if required in the project.Stakeholder Analysis processStakeholder IdentificationThe first step in stakeholder analysis is the acknowledgment of the key stakeholders. When the project manager departs identifying project stakeholders , he should do an organised study by giving the projects geographic sphere of influence of influence. here(predicate) consider not only the main project site, b ut also the related project facilities, like the road to the site, cumulative affect of the project outcome or unplanned but predictable developments. Using this type of analysis to determine the projects area of influence and finding out that who all may be affected in this manner. This process will reveal those stakeholders, who are directly influenced by the project, may be by use of land , or by the effect to the nearby environment or by the process of new problem creation. One of the techniques used for stakeholder identification is impact zoningImpact Zoning By mapping the sphere of influence of different types of environmental and social impacts, the project company can begin to identify distinct groups by impact area, and from this prioritize stakeholders for consultation. go in Impact ZoningDraw a sketch map of the key design elements of the project, both on and off site, that may give rise to local environmental or social impacts (e.g., the project site ancillary infrastr ucture such as roads, power lines, and canals sources of air, water, and land pollution). unwrap the large impact zones for each of the elementsNext over lay , the large stakeholder groups, over the impact zones.Through consultation with relevant stakeholder representatives, verify which groups are potentially affected by which impacts. This exercise may be performed more efficiently by using aerial photographs.The other common technique of stakeholder identification is brainstormingChapter 4COMMUNICATIONOne of the largest contributing factors for project failure or delay is lack of proper conference with the stakeholders. When intercourse is limited to periodic reports stakeholders, can be in dark as to when the project begins to slip. It may slip to a point, from where it is in truth difficult to be cured _or_ healed the project. The remedy is consistent, frequent and candid intercourse. The project manager uses plans, agreements and place reports to communicate with the stak eholders and manage their expectations. In addition, as with e actuallything on a project, a hard plan improves the probability of success. Ein truth project should have a communication plan, a indite strategy for getting the right nurture to the right people at the right time. The stakeholders identified in the SOW and responsibleness matrix are the audience for most project communication. info managementIn todays world, where there are ample mediums for communication, there is no shortage of cultivation but kinda there is abundance of entropy, which the stakeholder is not able to handle in the right way.Data and InformationInformation is unendingly tied to the purpose of the stakeholder. Information is based on data, which is useful only when it is organised in a meaningful manner. It is the responsibility of the project manager to provide information to the stakeholder in a manner which is useful to them. Information can be classified as i) Relevant Information ii) utili se Information iii) Cassandra Information.Therefore it is important to feed the right amount of information which can be used by the stakeholders. Otherwise it would lead to change magnitude go pasting, increased confusion and consequently time delay in project completion.Guidelines to make a communication planUse precise short status reports obese reports are overwhelming for a busy audience. get what should go into the status report, by inter apparent horizoning the stakeholders what they wish. Different stakeholders may want reports on different aspects of the project.Have an escalation procedure these are the procedure to elevate problem to senior management.Make the information timely Executive sponsors may want reports less frequently than your immediate manager.Make sure regular status touch onings are included in the plan Many stakeholders may require meetings on project status as and when needed, i.e. only when there is big level(p)t or problem. By including schedule meetings in the communication plan, customers and higher level managers are agreeing to be more informed about the project- which avoids hot surprises in the project.Be consistent with other projects As much as possible, your project documentation should have the corresponding matter and content as other projects in your organisation. If there are standards, use them. If not, find secure examples from unattackable examples from other projects which have same stakeholders.Use multiple conduct of communication websites, newsletters, and project bulletin boards can be used to post information of interest to all stakeholders. These communication mediums complement status reports because they can provide a wider scope of information. Finally, realize what you say in the write report may come across differently when you present it verbally, so consciously include face to face meetings in your communication plan.Communication MediumChoosing the right kind of medium for the right ki nd of stakeholders is over again an area to be looked into. A communication medium should have the following reputationisticIt should be easily accessible.It should be fast.It should be recoverable later at anytimeIt should be cost effective.It should be easy to use.There are many communication mediums available today. It depends on the project manager to use which kind of medium to communicate to a particular stakeholder. Below there is alist of mediums availableE-mail the use of electronic mail waits to be extensive. Some contend that electronic mail is an overused (and sometimes contraryly used) medium. It is certainly convenient to use for most of the people. And it straines widely dispersed and distant recipients quickly, although there is no plight that the recipient will read the inwardness immediately. It automatically provides the record for the sender and the receiver. Also as it is with other written messages, email messages are also subject to misinterpretation. With the ease, by which email messages can be forwarded, one should be frightful about what one write in the email. Overall email is a convenient medium of communication.Telephone Calling someone on the telephone can be an immediate interactive method of communication, without creating a permanent, written record. Phone conversation suspends you to hear voice inflections, although obviously you cannot view body language. Although an upbeat phone call is considered warmer than a written note, it doesnt have the same effect as a personal chew out or any other face-to-face interaction. Unanticipated phone calls are subject to the same shortcomings or advantages of impromptu communications.Voice Mail When people dont answer their phone, you can often rely on voice mail. This may create issues for you, if youre not careful. When you place a call, youre often expecting a dialogue. If youre forced to use voice mail, you must immediately convert your message to a monologue, which doesnt always come out sounding as youd like it the message can become awkward or confusing for the recipient. And, as with e-mail, theres no guarantee that the message will be received in a timely manner.Handwritten Notes Probably the most inlump of the all communication modes are the handwritten notes. Short hand written notes are an excellent way to provide positive recognition. Although they take very little effort, they extract the personal touch much more than the verbal approaches or testicle memos or emails. The drawback of these kind of notes is that they are geographically limited.Printed and Mailed Memos and letters with the approaching of email, memos and letters are now generally reserved for more formal or official communication. They are slow and one sided, but good when formal signatures are required and a permanent record is dispositiond. Hence, printed, mail-clad memos and letters are still used in contractual transactions. shake upual Visits A visit is simply an i nformal and personal way to maintain a communication link with a stakeholder. Although you may not be carrying any important message, an informal visit can often lead to a more valuable or productive communication session than you might have expected from a formal communication. Informal visits are also appropriate when confidential, personal, or sensitive subjects need to be covered. schematic Presentations Formal Presentations are often used in situations where the distribution of information may be enhanced by an explanation or the information is too complex for written documentation. Formal presentations are often done in a group setting, thus ensuring that everyone gets the same level of understanding. They allow for impressive graphical displays of information, but often require a lot of preparation. Theyre effective when youre seek to promote understanding, enlist support, or expedite a decision (e.g., management approval to proceed). except, formal presentations can be cha llenging or risky, as you rarely have control over the ideal session. And, if poorly done, they may do more harm than good.Communication through Project Management Software This method of communication is unique. This is a new fWhen nark Met offer Analysis of CommunicationWhen enkindle Met go Analysis of CommunicationWhen raise Met offer and Children of a Lesser GodWhen encrust Met crack (1989) is a romantic comedy that breaks out of the norm of the genre with some very real messages about interpersonal communication between both genders and how we handle different situations differently. According to IMDB the plot of the exposure goes in 1977, kindle Burns (Billy Crystal) and cracking Albright (Meg Ryan) graduate from the University of Chicago and share the drive to New York City, where Sally is set out journalism school and harass is starting a career. Harry is dating a friend of Sallys, Amanda (Michelle Nicastro). During the drive, they wrangle their differing idea s about kinships between men and women. Harry says that Men and women cant be friends because the sex part always gets in the way. Sally disagrees, claiming that men and women can be strictly friends without sex. During a stop in a diner, Sally is angered when Harry tells her she is attractive she accuses him of making a pass at her. In New York, they part on unfriendly terms.Five years later, Harry and Sally find themselves on the same flight. Sally has fair(a) started dating a man named Joe (Steven Ford) who is a neighbor of Harrys and Harry is engaged to a charr named Helen, which surprises Sally. Harry suggests they become friends, forcing him to qualify his previous recover about the impossibility of male-female friendships. Despite Harrys suggestions of exceptions to that rule, they separate, concluding that they will not be friends.Harry and Sally run into each other again in a bookstore five years later. They have coffee and chew out about their previous relationship s Sally and Joe broke up because she wanted a family and he did not want to marry, and Harrys relationship ended when Helen fell in love with another man. They take a walk and decide to be friends. They have late-night phone conversations, go to dinner, and spend time together. Their dating experiences with others continue to inform their differing approaches to relationships and sex.During a New long time Eve caller, Harry and Sally find themselves attracted to each other. Though they remain friends, they set each other up with their respective best friends, Marie (Carrie Fisher) and Jess (Bruno Kirby). When the four go to a restaurant, Marie and Jess hit it off they later become engaged. One night, over the phone, Sally tearfully tells Harry that her ex is getting married. He rushes to her apartment to comfort her, and they by luck have sex, resulting in an awkward moment the next morning as Harry leaves in a state of distress. This creates accent in their relationship. Their fr iendship cools for three weeks until the two have a alter descent during Jess and Maries espousals dinner. Following this fight, Harry repeatedly attempts to mend his friendship with Sally, but she receives that they cannot be friends after what happened.At a New Years Eve party that year, Sally feels alone without Harry by her side. Harry spends New Years alone, walking around the city. As Sally decides to leave the party early, Harry appears and declares his love for her. At first, she argues that the only reason he is there is because he is lonely, but he disagrees and lists the many things he realized he loves about her. They make up and kiss and marry three months later.Harry and Sally communicate in very different ways which is evident from the beginning of their journey to New York. Right from the beginning of their journey, Harry and Sally start to try and get to know each other on their long drive. Sally is obviously a more positive, upbeat and impolite individual. She maintains this character throughout most of the film during her communications with her friends and with Harry. Her openness with others is very in line with how we view feminine communication. Harry, on the other hand, comes across more like a typical male. He is more closed off, waits apart(p) when he chats about things that should be more wound up, and tries to make light when conversations turn more serious. He also focuses a lot on the more sexual aspect of his relationships than in truly developing emotional attachments. Sally come backs of Harry as rude and insensitive while Harry conceives she is obsessive and very naive. When they try to talk to each other, he makes dear about everything into a debate, doing report talk instead of rapport talk. He always has to have the last word and isnt afraid to crack jokes and but ask questions. After bumping into his ex wife, Harry gets frustrated and yells about the difficulties of split up while at Jess and Maries apartmen t. He then leaves the apartment, and Sally has to approach him to talk about it. When Sally learns that her ex boyfriend is getting married, she reacts with sadness instead of anger and calls Harry to talk about it. Differences can also be seen after Harry and Sally sleep together. The morning after, Sally is smart and approachable while Harry is uncomfortable and distant. This is because usually for women, intimacy leads to sex and for men, sex leads to intimacy. As the movie goes on, the two start to become friends after each little meet up they have and they no thirster resent each other like they did all those years ago. Harry opens up about Helen while Sally keeps the details about Joe to herself until the very end. Their communication skills cross due to Harry and Sally both talk to each other on the phone before going to bed. They even do activities together such as shopping or eating out together. By the end of the film, Harry is more descriptive when he talks to Sally s uch as why he enjoys organism with and around her.Interpersonal communication is seen throughout this film which is defined as interacting with others over the phone and face-to-face to build a relationship. Harry and Sally absolutely experience a relationship of this type. Harry and Sally really start exchanging feelings and personal things to each other after their first get together. Sally learns about Helen and Harry about Joe. They connect and decide to be friends and hang out and talk more often. They try to help each other get dates which leads to the double date with Jess and Marie. They spend a lot of time going out to eat, shopping together, and talking on the phone. They care about how the other is feeling and desire to keep the other intelligent. Their relationship became one of interpersonal communication after they learned of each others recent heartbreak. They were both going through the same thing and wanted to spend more time with someone they could relate with.3. Does S have a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with H? Is this appropriate/inappropriate for the relationship? Is this nevertheless a elan of communicating? Is it gender based? Explain.I believe that Sally does feel the need to disclose herself during her early encounters with Harry. She seems easily goaded into divulging intimate details about her life. I dont suppose that it was necessarily appropriate or not, dear her reaction to Harrys behavior and communication style. Perhaps it tattles of the feminine pressure to please others with whom we communicate withSally feels a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with Harry because he is making assumptions about her. When he says that she hasnt had good sex yet she feels a need to tell him that she has had plenty of good sex. This is inappropriate for the relationship because they have just met each other and Harry is dating Sallys friend. I mobilise this style of communicating is gender based becaus e men tend to disclose less in relationships, so the conversation is focused mostly on Sallys life.Since Harry and Sallys first meeting was off to say the least, the two seemed very ill-sorted at the very beginning. Harry seemed very rude and blunt when petition such personal questions while Sally was very naive and unbroken to herself about such personal questions such as Harry communicate her about having lots of good sex. With their two personalities clashing at virtually all times, it was hard to hold a conversation that didnt end up as a debate or small argument. Hence when Harry told Sally that she was good looking. To Sally it was inappropriate because Harry was dating one of her friends at that time. I feel it was harmless to say the least, but I can understand both sides and why Sally didnt want him to say that she was attractive. Especially when Harry keeps insisting that a man and a woman cant be friends. Which is another reason why I think the two of them always see med to debate and argue. So Harry could keep his point.CLG1. From their very first meeting, there was obvious dialectical tension between Sarah and throng. She cosmos a former deaf student and crowd being a transferred teacher to help teach deaf students to speak. Since Sarah had a tough time growing up with her sisters friends making fun of her, she was afraid to speak and dogged that she would surround herself in her own little world of keep mum. If no one could communicate with her through her world, she wouldnt make an effort to do the same. She was completely happy with this world she created herselfuntil she met crowd together. He was determined to get to know her, intrigued immediately by her vow of silence and the way she refused to let anyone get close to her. Including her return he later finds out. They agree to try and get to know one another, both seeming interested in each others world. After simply their first dance together, you can see an obvious longing in th e way Sarah seems to melt in piles embrace. Her happiness in her silence is a lie. Though shes still afraid of the unknown world jam is providing for her. When he suggests she move in and let him take care of her, she panics her deafness being her own personal shield to the outside world. Sarah even says that no one can understand her when crowd asks what she can hear. In the end, they agree to meet in the middle, not having a complete world of silence or vocally speaking. This dialectical tension connecting them in the end.2. The pool for Sarah is her own personal haven. Underwater, youre completely underwater and cant hear a thing. Also, considering she swam naked, she is completely open and comfortable. She feels one with the pool because in the water, you dont have to speak. Underwater, everything is still. Its that silence she craves such as her job as a janitor. Sarah feels safe and herself in the pool. So when crowd falls into the pool after her, he enters her domain. T hat was her way of seeing he actually cares about her that he would enter her safe haven, fully clothed, just to be with her and understand her sense of ease and stillness she loves so much. pile also enters the pool again during their separation by himself, staying under the water and even impinge oning out towards where Sarah was before. The pool is the way throng can connect with how Sarah hears and sees the world.3. The social deepen theory states why people are drawn to each other through substantial benefits. For example, when pile first sees Sarah, he is drawn in by her stubbornness and not to summons her beauty. He wants to teach her to speak and is so desperate in at any rate to get her to conform. He makes a promise that she doesnt have to ever speak, but breaks it during a heated moment. He apologizes for it and I think that stayed with Sarah for a while. She unbroken backing away while he kept pressing forward. Eventually, during an argument Sarah finally speaks, letting him hear how awful she sounds when shes screaming that shes a repel before running out on him. Their relationship is very back and forth, fitting the social fill in theory to a T.4. The social sharpness theory is quite obvious the totality of the film. Right from the get go, Sarah makes it almost impossible for throng to even hold a conversation with him she unceasingly walks away, sits when he stands up, and outright ignores him. When they finally start to talk its very basic. They talk about school, work, etc. They dont talk about deeper topics until much later. After James meets Sarahs mother and talks about her past, theres a breakthrough. Sarah finally opens up a little to let him know about why she never speaks. They However by the end of the film, they both agree they need to still be their separate selves but meet somewhere in the middle. She take ons that she doesnt want to be without him and that she even loves him. And thats a huge step for Sarah. The uncert ainty reduction states that each person in a relationship wants and needfully certainty. James gives Sarah that when he makes a promise that he wont ask her to speak. However, as I stated before, he asks her to say his name in a heated moment and breaks that certainty for Sarah. Lastly, the existential theory takes place throughout the entirety of the film from Sarahs perspective. She had grown up without anyone listening to her or even trying to understand her. She was made fun of for trying to be normal as a child by trying to talk. That scared her. The fact James keeps reminding her that hes there and wants to be with her and take care of her gives her the opportunity to finally open up to a new world. One that isnt so silent but one thats also not too loud.1) prove the dialectical tension of autonomy and connection in James and Sarahs relationship?There is a lot of tension of autonomy and connection in Sarah and James relationship. Sarah doesnt have a fulfilling life of her ow n upon meeting James. She has not reached her potential and is works as a janitor at the school she has attended since the age of 5. James has done many things to build his career, impressing the head of the school with his resume during his job interview at the beginning of the film. This causes problems in their relationship because James wants to provide for Sarah (he gets her to quit her job and move in with him) but also wants her to be able to provide for herself (he wants her to learn to speak so she can get along in life). Sarah wants to provide for herself, but fears that she cant, saying that she is not deft for any job that will bring her fulfillment and security. Towards the end of the film, Sarah starts a new job and intends to go to college with her earnings so that she can reach her full potential. Only then, when they can both provide for themselves separately, will they reach a healthy autonomy and connection.2) What does the pool represent for Sarah?I think the po ol represents connection. When James asks Sarah what her experience of sound is like, she answers by saying that no one has been inside her head she could answer his question, but that doesnt mean he will understand. Underwater is somewhere where that question doesnt matter. It is where James can have a shared sensory experience with Sarah. At the end of the film, the bracing agree to find a place to connect that is between sound and silence, and the pool was the place where that first happened.3) Now that you have read ch 9, what about this Social exchange theory? Do Sarah and James fit the theory? Explain.The social exchange theory proposes that relationships are based on exchanges of give and take made to maximize benefits and minimize detriments. I think Sarah and James fit this theory. James is drawn to Sarah because she is unique, beautiful, and someone he sees as needing his help. James is a teacher, so he gets fulfillment from helping others. Sarah is drawn to James becaus e he accepts her and can provide security for her. She quits her job and moves in with him so that they can try to have the traditional life he wants. They both experience give and take in the relationship, but because Sarah has not yet reached her full potential in life, the exchanges do not seem balanced. At the end of the film, when James lets go of trying to help Sarah and she chooses her own path in life, the relationship begins a new course of equilibrium.4) Discuss how Social Penetration theory, uncertainty reduction, and existential theory is evident in the movie (look in the Baxter article).In the Social Penetration Theory, people must share some of themselves for a relationship to grow while belongings some of themselves separate or the relationship will deteriorate. This is evident in the film after Sarah and James begin living together, because they start to lose their individuality. Sarah leaves a party she is enjoying because James is bored. James does not listen to music anymore because Sarah cannot enjoy it. At the end of the film, Sarah states that they must learn to be separate but equal. In the Uncertainty Reduction Theory, people have an equal desire for predictability and novelty in relationships. In the film, Sarah wants predictability. She lives at the same school she has for almost her entire life, knowing that the staff understand her ways and will not try to change her. When James arrives, he tries to get her to break down her walls and learn to speak. The Existential Theory states that a persons desire to be open with others is balanced with a desire for privacy. Sarah willingly tells James about her sexual encounters quickly after they meet, but she never wants to speak in front of him, even after they have become very close.1. After watching the movie, it is clear there are many sources of tension on Sarah and James relationship. The couple grows close intimately, but they are separated in many ways, some more obvious than other s. The first and most obvious factor charge the couple apart is speech. Sara cannot speak, and while they are able to communicate through sign, she refuses to even attempt to read lips or produce noise. James says he is okay with this, but once or twice he begs her to try to make noise and say his name, which upsets Sarah so much it starts the end of their relationship. Sarah also has some issues of her own which are keeping the couple apart. Her fear of getting hurt like she did when she was younger have made her cold and angry, and it takes James a long time to even have a real conversation with her. When James finally does entice Sarah to go to dinner, and agrees and while dancing, she shows a tender side that lets James know she craves human connection. His persistant questions about her past and why she acts the way she does, why she refuses to admit she has been hurt, why she is afraid to speak coupled with Sarahs complex and silent demenour are comely to break the couple a part. Towards the end of the movie, Sarah admits she misses him, and the two agree to try again and come to a middle ground between silence and speech.2. In my opinion, for Sarah, the pool represents solitude and equality. She can be totally by herself, and not have to worry about talking to anyone. Being submerged underwater is silent for anyone, not just her. For a moment, she can feel equal to everyone else. It is the one place where she is not being asked to speak, not being spoken to, and not missing out on noise. Anyone who goes underwater will hear silence, and I would imagine it is comforting to her to know she is the same as anyone else, even if just for a moment. The pool is her escape.3. Our book defines the social exchange theory as being drawn to those who are able to offer benefits to you without asking for much in return. This is an interesting idea, and while I think it can be applied to most relationships, I do not think James and Sarah fit in this theory. Sarah and James do not have much in common, and neither has anything very huge or substantial to offer (no great deal of money, no great power, no great control, etc). James does tell Sarah she is the most beautiful and mysterious female child he has ever met, and Sarah tells James he is the nicest man she has ever met. They do offer each-other the benefit of compassion, love and companionship. But their relationship is far from perfect. James asks a lot from Sarah. He asks her personal questions she is not comfortable with respond and he asks her to let him help her speak, which she makes very clear is something she never intends to do. Sarah tries James patience, saying he is only with her because he wants to fix her and just wants to be with a blind girl just to say he has like every other hearing man. Their relationship is strained, and their expectations for eachother are strong enough to end the relationship. I do not think the social exchange theory applies to them.4. The certainty reduction theory says that people always look for what they know what is certain in themselves and others. Predictibility is favored in relationships. This is true especially for Sarah. She admits she has never let anyone in, and says she has never been hurt by anyone. It is normal for her to have a wall up, and that is what is comfortable for her. She is constantly going back fuck the wall and shutting down and shutting people out, like she did with James. Sarah does not like change she would rather be in her silent world that she has known for her entire life. James tries to threaten that silence, and she reacts with anger and hostility. The social brainstorm theory can definitely be seen in their relationship. When Sarah and James first began to talk, they talked about school, mopping, and jobs. Sarah made it difficult for James to talk about anything deep, and she often abruptly ended conversations. As they got closer and their relationship deepened, they talked about deeper topics, such as Sarahs dark past and why she pushes people away. Sarah admits she loves James and needs him and feels lonely without him, which is a huge break through since she told him earlier she never lets anyone in.

Giotto Di Bondones Style and Technique

Giotto Di Bondones Style and TechniqueBriefly lineation the characteristics of Giottos style and analyse the impact of his works on 14th-century Italian ArtGiotto was a Florentine catamount and architect who was recognized as an artistic genius and protagonist during the Italian Renaissance. For artist Giorgio Vasari the great biographer of Italian Renaissance artists the refreshing art had its birth with Giotto1. Giotto lived and worked at a judgment of conviction when society was exploring and testing the boundaries of medieval traditions and institutions. This is reflected in his religious subjects where the earthly, full-blooded cypher for which he was so famous was to spark the beginnings of artistic naturalism and humanism.For Vasari, Giottos work represents a period when painting woke from its long subjection to the Greeks. As Hale saysthe stiffness of the Byzantine style gave way to something like grace, figures began to sanctify shadows and to be foreshortened, their drapery revealed movement and their faces reflected feeling, fear, hope, anger or love. 2These characteristics be reflected in one of Giottos earliest works, bloody shame and child, where the child, although now lost, is affectionately clasping the Madonnas hand, with its other hand let outstretched to her face. The Madonnas eyeball meet those of the viewer with an elongated stare. Both of these qualities reflect Giottos impulse to put forward human sentiment and his interest in the communicating of feeling. Giotto withal experiments with form so that the straight alignment of the Madonnas features are juxtaposed against the shape of her gown which flows down and away from her face.Giotto is famous for his frescoes at Assisi where he perpetuated a new use of space and colour. For example, The Doctors of the Church sets portraits indoors areas framed by extravagantly decorative geometric, figurative, and floral motifs.3 In The Scenes from the feel of St. Francis the strong p ortrayal of animals, plants, flowers, pottery and rocks are integrated into the human scenarios so that the deuce become integral to one another. In St. Francis Giving his spread out to a Poor Knight the red of the knights apparel is seen on the back of the mule and in the buildings and landscapes of the background. This is suggestive of Giottos inclination to unify different elements of his paintings a theme which was to continue into the trends of the fourteenth century. then in his frescoes at Padua (1302-5) where he painted the lives of deliveryman and the Virgin in the private chapel of Enrico Scrovegni, Paduas richest citizen, his fusion between figures and space and his existence of them as a undivided coherent unit4 is taken to a new extreme. A section of The Last Judgement shows Enrico Scrovegni offering a model of the chapel to Mary, who stands beside a saint and an angel. The gift symbolises Enrico seeking regret for his fathers sin of usury.5 This arrangement re flects mans communication with God, and in turn the unification of the material and the unearthly. In The Last Judgement, where Christ sits surrounded by an aura, Giotto places figures at the centre of their world representing mankinds place at the centre of history and his unique individuality, which was to become a fundamental of the humanist vision during the fourteenth century.Fourteenth century Italian art was intrinsically linked to the political developments occurring during the time. Giotto was certainly one of the prototypic to assert a style based on observations of nature quite than the upholding of medieval traditions, and during a time when city states were becoming more than individual, and democracies were governed by guilds associations of merchants, bankers, artisans, and other professionals6 this form of artistic freedom was welcomed by those who had democratic or political influence. Giottos decorating of the family chapels of the wealthiest citizens of Fl orence and Padua suggests that art was seen as an ultimate aesthetic deputation of virtue and power. In S. Croce Giotto painted the life of St. Francis in the Bardi chapel and those of the two St. Johns in the Peruzzi chapel. The Bardi and Peruzzi were the two greatest banker families of Florence and court bankers of the kings of England and Naples, to the latter of whom Giotto was court painter between 1328-32.7 These were important developments for fourteenth century art as at Peruzzi Giotto incorporates portrait heads, presumably of the Peruzzi family. As Antal phrases itit was the wealthiest citizens of Florence who were the first to be represented, outside a fresco or religious painting, in almost wholly independent portraits, though still for the time being inside the same frame.8 by and by artwork was to completely separate portraits from religious paintings so that the individual could be represented as independent of, but still connected to, the spiritual realm.Fourteenth -century frescoes reveal that individualism was greatly esteemed in the Italian city-republics, and a developing trend for freedom of expression can be seen in Giottos pupils and successors such as Taddeo Gaddi. The lives of Christ, the Virgin and the Saints were the subjects of many important paintings and sculptures licenced at the time. However, although these subjects continue those used by Giotto, his style began to be vary by his pupils. His idea of a painting as a single unified whole was taken further by incorporating a great diversity of individual elements within that whole. As Antal explains itThe painters abandoned Giottos centripetal emphasis in order to obtain a fuller narrative the list of figures is greater, they are individualised and more vehement in their movements, more lusty or more charming sometimes landscape predominates, and the architecture is richer and more Gothic.9However, Giottos work was still to prove pivotal to the changes occurring during the fourteenth century. By mid-century, Italy saw a surge of artistic output which integrated new ideals into earlier modes of representation. Over time, figures became more naturalistic, and the linear and angular quality of change state on figures became softened. As mentioned above, Giottos volumetric figures of Madonna and of Christ express these qualities nearly a century earlier. These works were to influence major fourteenth century artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. As seen in Madonna and Child Giotto experimented with the form of the figure and created a shadow effect, adding three dimensionality to the painting. This solution to creating the deception of solidity to his figures was genuine by the later artists who are famous for their keen eye for detail.With Giotto, the two dimensional world of thirteenth-century Italian painting was alter into an analogue for the real world.10 It was the simplicity of his style and his mastery of illusion which attract the audie nces of his time. As Bernard Berenson puts itWith the simplest means, with almost rudimentary light and vestige, and functional line, he contrives to render, out of all the possible outlines, out of all the possible variations of light and shade that a given figure may have, only those that we must assign for special attention when we are actually realizing it.11Giotto was to lay the foundations of a solution artistic movement in fourteenth century Italy. Later artists developed the simplicity of his use of line, form and three-dimensionality. His bold use of colour and opus was to precipitate a wealth of changes in the styles and tastes of fourteenth century Italian art, and his contributions to the history of aesthetics are perhaps some of the most ecumenical in history.BibliographyAntal, F., 1947, Florentine Painting and Its Social Background the Bourgeois land out front Cosimo De Medicis Advent to Power XIV and Early XV Centuries. capital of the United Kingdom K. PaulBenn ett, A., 1999, Giotto. London Dorling KindersleyBerenson, B., 1953, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Phaidon New YorkHale, J.R., 1954, England and the Italian Renaissance The branch of Interest in Its record and Art. London Faber and FaberOsmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind reverberate in Art. military personnel and I, Vol. 13http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hd_iptg.htm.Further ReadingHenderson, J., and Verdon, T., (eds), 1990, Christianity and the Renaissance attribute and Religious Imagination in the Quattrocento. Syracuse Syracuse University PressMartindale, A., 1969, The clear Paintings of Giotto. London Weidenfeld and Nicholson.Murray, L., and Murray, P., 1963, The Art of the Renaissance. New York PraegerFootnotes1 Osmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in Art. World and I, Vol. 13. p.1.2 Hale, J.R., 1954, England and the Italian Renaissance The Growth of Interest in Its History and Art. London Faber and Faber, p.60.3 Bennett, A., 1999, Giott o. London Dorling Kindersley, p.25.4 Ibid, p.66.5 Ibid, p.71.6 Osmond, S.F., 1998, The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in Art. World and I, Vol. 13.7 Antal, F., 1947, Florentine Painting and Its Social Background the Bourgeois Republic before Cosimo De Medicis Advent to Power XIV and Early XV Centuries. London K. Paul, p.159.8 Ibid, p.159.9 Ibid, p.174.10 http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/iptg/hd_iptg.htm.11 Berenson, B., 1953, The Italian Painters of the Renaissance. Phaidon New York, p.44.