Physics of Swimming :: Sport Sports Swimming Swim Physics

Common Strokes for fluidThere argon four common strokes associated with swimming crush, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl stroke. Breaststroke and backstroke are considered rest strokes crawl stroke, to a fault known as freestyle, and squeeze are known as power strokes. A rest stroke uses less energy to travel the same distance, until now it takes longer to achieve this distance. A power stroke uses more energy and covers greater distances in less time.The sidestroke and elementary-backstroke are two more rest strokes utilise in swimming. Each of these are not used competitively, but instead are taught to beginners to help them understand all aspects of swimming.Each stroke is unique in personate position and the manner used to trigger each body differs for every stroke.Body Position and physics magic spell swimming, it is important to realize what each body part is doing and where it is moving.The push-off While pushing off the wall, the body should be submerged and facing the bottom of the pool. The hands should be together and stretched out in front. The biceps, pressed against the ears, head stationary and perpendicular to the body. The swimmer should be flat and streamline in the water, with the feet swept back. The push-off is the same for all the strokes, except the backstroke. In this situation, the body is instead facing the jacket crown of the pool.Physics As the body assumes a streamline position and is forced off the wall, the sleeker the body, the less drag produced. If any of the characteristics listed to a higher place change, a greater drag-force is utilise to the body, thus slowing the swimmer down.When the body begins to loose speed and float to the surface, the tingle and first stroke is applied. The kick helps propel the body through the water, musical composition the stoke helps pull it.The stroke Each stroke and pattern is unique. The crawl stroke uses a flutter kick and an S stroke to propel the body. The butterfly uses the dolphin kick and a key-hole stroke. The back uses the same flutter kick as the crawl, but uses an out-sweep L stroke. The breaststroke uses the breaststroke kick and a scooping motion for its pull.Physics Each stroke has a catch, power phase, and recovery. The physics of each stroke is similar so only the freestyle will be explained and the others will be connect to it.Freestyle begins with the catch, a motion which allows the swimmers hand to engage the water.Physics of Swimming Sport Sports Swimming Swim PhysicsCommon Strokes for SwimmingThere are four common strokes associated with swimming butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl stroke. Breaststroke and backstroke are considered rest strokes crawl stroke, also known as freestyle, and butterfly are known as power strokes. A rest stroke uses less energy to travel the same distance, however it takes longer to achieve this distance. A power stroke uses more energy and covers greater distances in less time.The sidestroke and elementary-backstroke are two more rest strokes used in swimming. Each of these are not used competitively, but instead are taught to beginners to help them understand all aspects of swimming.Each stroke is unique in body position and the method used to propel each body differs for every stroke.Body Position and PhysicsWhile swimming, it is important to realize what each body part is doing and where it is moving.The push-off While pushing off the wall, the body should be submerged and facing the bottom of the pool. The hands should be together and stretched out in front. The biceps, pressed against the ears, head stationary and perpendicular to the body. The swimmer should be flat and streamline in the water, with the feet swept back. The push-off is the same for all the strokes, except the backstroke. In this situation, the body is instead facing the ceiling of the pool.Physics As the body assumes a streamline position and is forced off the wall, the sleeker the body, the less drag produced. If any of the characteristics listed above change, a greater drag-force is applied to the body, thus slowing the swimmer down.When the body begins to loose speed and float to the surface, the kick and first stroke is applied. The kick helps propel the body through the water, while the stoke helps pull it.The stroke Each stroke and pattern is unique. The crawl stroke uses a flutter kick and an S stroke to propel the body. The butterfly uses the dolphin kick and a key-hole stroke. The back uses the same flutter kick as the crawl, but uses an out-sweep L stroke. The breaststroke uses the breaststroke kick and a scooping motion for its pull.Physics Each stroke has a catch, power phase, and recovery. The physics of each stroke is similar so only the freestyle will be explained and the others will be related to it.Freestyle begins with the catch, a motion which allows the swimmers hand to engage the water.

Essay --

Depression is a prison where you are both the trauma prisoner and the cruel jailer. -Dorthy Rowe. The Great Depression was a hard and sad time for everyone around the 1930s. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president, his campaign said, Happy days Are Here Again. He was very hopeful, that in the early part of President Roosevelts campaign he instituted the New Deal to swear out America get back on its feet. The New Deal had two phases phase one and phase two. President Roosevelt established the Federal Deposit insurance policy Corporation, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Social Security Act, and the Fair Labor Standards Act. President Roosevelt established the Federal Deposit redress Corporation (FDIC), it was established in 1933 to prevent the same losses during the Great Depression when banks became bankrupt and they couldnt give money back to the people. The FDIC provided up to $250,000 in bank deposits. These bank deposits cover for national bank s, state banks that is in the Federal Reserve System, and other qualified banks. In 2007, the FDIC took... Essay -- Depression is a prison where you are both the execrable prisoner and the cruel jailer. -Dorthy Rowe. The Great Depression was a hard and sad time for everyone around the 1930s. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president, his campaign said, Happy age Are Here Again. He was very hopeful, that in the early part of President Roosevelts campaign he instituted the New Deal to serve up America get back on its feet. The New Deal had two phases phase one and phase two. President Roosevelt established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Social Security Act, and the Fair Labor Standards Act. President Roosevelt established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), it was established in 1933 to prevent the same losses during the Great Depression when banks became bankrupt and they couldnt give money back to the people. The FDIC provided up to $250,000 in bank deposits. These bank deposits cover for national banks, state banks that is in the Federal Reserve System, and other qualified banks. In 2007, the FDIC took...

Essay --

The vast Depression was an scotch problem in North America, Europe, and other industrialized countries most the initiation that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It was the longest and most stressing depression ever. The U.S. economy had g integrity into a depression six months earlier, however the Great Depression had begun with a crack-up of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. The next three years stock prices in the join States had passd to drop, until 1932 it had dropped to about 20% of its value. former(a) than messing up thousands of individual investors, the decline in the value of good banks and other financial facilities went bad. Many banks were constantly forced to hide their debts, and thats why by 1933, 11,000 of the United States 25,000 banks had failed. The failure of so many banks was because of the lack of confidence the economy had, which had led to too much reduced of legislateing and demanding money. This was constantly dropping, and unemployment began rising. By 1932, U.S. manufacturing had dropped to 54% of its money, and unemployment had gone up to between 12 and 15 million workers. The Great Depression began in the United States, but then had turned into a ecumenic economic problem. The United States was trying to come out from the depression as the main one in the depression. National economies had been weakened by the depression itself, but by war debts in Germany and other defeated nations to. So once the American economy had dropped and the money of American investments to Europe was gone, the depression had become strike than nations that were for the most part in debt to the United States, Germany and Great Britain. In Germany, unemployment began to raise high in 1929, and by 1932. It ... ...ing completely out of reserves making it harder to purchase stocks and bonds to remedy their businesses. The Great Depression ended as nations went up on their production of war materials at t he beginning of World War II. This had make production better, made more(prenominal) jobs, and put a bunch of money back into business so that the economy would be better again.What I have learned finished this seek paper is that the economy will never be perfect. It does non matter how many polices the government makes, people will be people and continue to spend money in ways that could affect the economy. Majority of people require loans today since we have wants and needs in order to live. I do not believe the US economy would ever go back to the times of the Depression since more people have jobs today, there is not one primaeval bank anymore and having a better economic system. Essay -- The Great Depression was an economic problem in North America, Europe, and other industrialized countries around the world that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It was the longest and most stressing depression ever. The U.S. economy had gone into a depression six month s earlier, but the Great Depression had begun with a breakdown of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. The next three years stock prices in the United States had continued to drop, until 1932 it had dropped to about 20% of its value. Other than messing up thousands of individual investors, the decline in the value of good banks and other financial facilities went bad. Many banks were constantly forced to hide their debts, and thats why by 1933, 11,000 of the United States 25,000 banks had failed. The failure of so many banks was because of the lack of confidence the economy had, which had led to too much reduced of spending and demanding money. This was constantly dropping, and unemployment began rising. By 1932, U.S. manufacturing had dropped to 54% of its money, and unemployment had gone up to between 12 and 15 million workers. The Great Depression began in the United States, but then had turned into a worldwide economic problem. The United States w as trying to come out from the depression as the main one in the depression. National economies had been weakened by the depression itself, but by war debts in Germany and other defeated nations to. So once the American economy had dropped and the money of American investments to Europe was gone, the depression had become worst than nations that were mostly in debt to the United States, Germany and Great Britain. In Germany, unemployment began to raise high in 1929, and by 1932. It ... ...ing completely out of reserves making it harder to purchase stocks and bonds to improve their businesses. The Great Depression ended as nations went up on their production of war materials at the beginning of World War II. This had made production better, made more jobs, and put a bunch of money back into business so that the economy would be better again.What I have learned through this research paper is that the economy will never be perfect. It does not matter how many polices the government m akes, people will be people and continue to spend money in ways that could affect the economy. Majority of people require loans today since we have wants and needs in order to live. I do not believe the US economy would ever go back to the times of the Depression since more people have jobs today, there is not one central bank anymore and having a better economic system.

The Mobot Project: Longwood :: essays research papers

The MOBOT take to LongwoodIn modern engineering, a systematic approach is used in the design,operation, and construction of an object to reach a desired goal. The first stepof the process employs what is comm notwithstanding known as the scientific method. Thenext step involves forming an interdisciplinary team of specialists from notonly the various(a) engineering disciplines, but from other fields whose knowledgemay be useful or even necessary to completing the project. This step doesntapply to our project, collectible the confined nature of the class. Finally,considerations must be taken into account to ensure that the project isefficient as well as cost effective.The goal of the MOBOT Project was to design and build a programmablerobot. The robot had to complete a series of four movements in four givendirections over a distance of at least 6 inches. Power and weight restrictionswere applied to ensure the safety of the students and, more importantly, theteacher. As the goals o f the project were made clearer, our group begandiscussing possible ideas for the design. There were roughly disagreements aboutwhether we should take the electromechanical route or the purely electrical 1.And after some deep thought, we all agreed that the mechanical way would be thesimplest to build and the most merciful on our pocketbooks. Even though we werecoming up with some good ideas, each design seemed to contain some majorproblems. One of the reoccurring problems dealt with the synchronization of thedriver motor and the steering system. Finally the team came up with a designthat allowed the drive and steering controls to be independent of one another,but still allowing each one to be linked in time. This design has now becomewhat is known as LONGWOOD.The Longwood is divided into two master(prenominal) parts 1)motion system and 2)logicboard. As the engineer, I was responsible for motion design. Therefore, thatwill be the focus for the remainder of this section.The main components of the motion system consist of a platform, threewheels, a wheel frame, two motors, and two contact switches. Two of the wheelswere connected to a motor and given up at the front end of the platform. Thesewheels were only allowed to move simultaneously in either a forward or reversedirection. The third wheel was hooked up to the wheel frame and innocent to rotateapproximately 45 degrees in either direction. Figure 1.1 shows an illustrationof how the wheel frame works. The wheel frame and third wheel were thenattached to the platform completing the basic assembly.

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the FliesWilliam GoldingI. EnglandII. Protagonist- Ralph is a rational boy who was elect the leader by the other boys. He tries to keep them civilized and plans to get them rescued. Antagonist- bozo is Ralphs rival. He wants to be chief, so he gathers a root of boys and forms his own tribe. The boys are taught to b hunters and they act like wild animals. III. A plane carrying a group of schoolboys has crashed on an island. Ironically, the boys were escaping a nuclear war and world flown to freedom. Upon reaching this island they are overwhelmed by the fact that there are no adults and no rules. Ralph, a boy of twelve, is encountered with several male survivors. Him and the others decided to go in search of any other potential survivors. A boy named Jack and his troop then meets them. The two different groups dont really front to like wiz another and they are very different in matters of life. The boys are then faced with many obstacles and try to learn how to deal with it. At this point Jack does not like the way Ralph handles things and forms his own tribe. Ralph as the leader, does not feel that he has much control over the boys and that is why Jack formed his own tribe of hunters. Only two of the boys stayed and showed support to Ralph. Because of all the chaos Ralph no longer wants to be the chief and he knows that he force out not change the way the other boys think or act. He doesnt know what to do at this point and feels that he cant make anyone civilized. Piggy and Simon are the two boys who stayed back with Ralph and because they chose to stay with him Jacks group kills them. Everything just seems to be falling apart and no one is thinking straight. Through everything that has happened, Ralph struggles for survival against the Lord of the Flies, the other boys. There was an out-of-control fire meant to kill Ralph, but he did not die. He is then encountered with the boys and at this point they come to realize that they have to get a hold of themselves and move forward. The end of the novel shows that Ralph and the others are relieved by the fact that they no longer should act the way they did.

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

manufacturer of the FliesWilliam GoldingI. EnglandII. Protagonist- Ralph is a rational boy who was elected the leader by the former(a) boys. He tries to keep them civilized and plans to get them rescued. Antagonist- Jack is Ralphs rival. He wants to be chief, so he gathers a group of boys and forms his own tribe. The boys atomic number 18 taught to b hunters and they present manage wild animals. III. A plane carrying a group of schoolboys has crashed on an island. Ironically, the boys were escaping a nuclear war and being flown to freedom. Upon reaching this island they are overwhelmed by the point that there are no adults and no rules. Ralph, a boy of twelve, is encountered with several male survivors. Him and the others decided to go in search of any other capability survivors. A boy named Jack and his troop then meets them. The devil different groups dont really seem to like one another and they are very different in matters of life. The boys are then faced with many obsta cles and try to learn how to deal with it. At this point Jack does not like the way Ralph handles things and forms his own tribe. Ralph as the leader, does not feel that he has much control over the boys and that is why Jack formed his own tribe of hunters. notwithstanding two of the boys stayed and showed support to Ralph. Because of all the chaos Ralph no longer wants to be the chief and he knows that he can not change the way the other boys think or act. He doesnt know what to do at this point and feels that he cant make anyone civilized. Piggy and Simon are the two boys who stayed back with Ralph and because they chose to stay with him Jacks group kills them. Everything just seems to be falling apart and no one is thinking straight. Through everything that has happened, Ralph struggles for survival against the Lord of the Flies, the other boys. There was an out-of-control fire meant to kill Ralph, but he did not die. He is then encountered with the boys and at this point they c ome to realize that they put up to get a hold of themselves and move forward. The end of the novel shows that Ralph and the others are relieved by the fact that they no longer should act the way they did.

The Princess Bride Movie Review

Savannah Sheets 9th English 24 May 2012 The Princess Bride Movie Review Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die. This is one of the many humorous lines in the movie, The Princess Bride. The Princess Bride is a romantic, act-comedy film and was directed by Rob Reiner in 1987. The plot of this movie is a fairytale narrated by a grandfather to his grandson full of action in attempt of getting a kidnapped princess back to her childhood love the day before her planned marriage with the prince.The main characters, Buttercup the princess (Robin Wright) and Westley (Cary Elwes) fall in love when they are just two young teenagers shown at the beginning of the story. Fate separates them for 5 years and soon brings them back together before she gets hook up with to Prince Humperdinck. Westley, her childhood sweetheart, wears a disguise and follows 3 men who have kidnapped Princess Buttercup to get her back. His wits help him team up with the kidnappers and over come Prince Humperdinck and his army.Westley is caught alone soon escapes with the help of Fezzik the Giant and Inigo Montoya. They all jump out of the window and ride away on horses. Westley and Buttercup marry and live happily constantly after. The Princess Bride is often compared to the movies Ella Enchanted, Spy Kids, and Stardust, all of which have different aspects of themes that were similarly incorporated in the movie. It took place in the fictional countries of Florin and Guilder, sometime between the physical composition of Europe and after the manufacturing of blue jeans.The story reaches out mostly to the young adult audience, barely would easily be satisfactory to people of other audiences as well. The events in the story are highly unlikely, but are well-structured and amusing to the viewers which help it to be easier to understand. The dialogue is meant to sound like the story was ground from the medieval times, with a twist of comedy. Finally, the themes portray ed in this movie were that square(a) love conquers all. Westley, even after all of the time spent apart, found his true love and in the end it all worked out with a happily ever after.Good versus evil is also a theme in this movie because Prince Humperdinck tries to marry Princess Buttercup knowing that she is still in love with Westley. Even though it was an arranged marriage, Prince Humperdinck tried to convince her that it would take time for them to fall in love, but they would eventually get used to it. Princess Buttercup has a nightmare which opens her eyes. She dreams about the marriage which is interrupted by who is known as The Ancient Boo-er. She tells Buttercup that she is a disgrace because she has power but isnt using it to her advantage and is letting down the people of her country.

Service Container C#

Service Container Presented by Anton Cherkasov Service Providers Services are the basic building blocks of the . NET design-time architecture. They helper to expose access to specific features from external objects. Designers and components can obtain other helpers through the use of dish out providers. A. NET service provider is stand for by the System. IServiceProvider interface. The interfaceprovides a mechanism for retrieving a specific service object, given the type of object to retrieve.Here is the only member of this interface objectGetService(TypeserviceType) This system acting, when overridden, exit return an object that represents the specified service type. If the service provider cannot return an object of the specified type, then callers should expect the return value to be null. IServiceContainer larboard A service container allows for services to be added and removed to it. Therefore, external objects can have more control over what a service provider exposes.A service container is actually a service provider. The interface that represents a service container is System. IServiceContainer, which is derived from IServiceProvider, as shown public interface IServiceContainer IServiceProvider IServiceContainer Interface Methods Here are the two methods of this interface AddService This method adds the specified service to the service container. This method has four overloads. void AddService(Type serviceType, object service) oid AddService(Type serviceType, ServiceCreatorCallback callback) void AddService(Type serviceType, object service, bool promote) void AddService(Type serviceType, ServiceCreatorCallback callback, bool promote) RemoveService This method removes the specified service from the service container. This method has two overloads. voidRemoveService(TypeserviceType) voidRemoveService(TypeserviceType, boolpromote) ServiceContainer Class The . NET Framework comes with a class that is already derived from IServiceContainer to be use d with the designer framework.This class is System. ComponentModel. Design. ServiceContainer This class has two constructor overloads the default constructor, and one that takes a parent service provider as a parameter. This class uses a Hashtable to store the available services. It stores both service instances and service callbacks into this table for retrieval. How does it work? Pros The combination of services, providers, and service containers form a simple design pattern that gives a lot of advantages. For example seduces weak backrest between client components and the services they use creates a simple repository and service discovery mechanism that allows easily scale the application (or part thereof). allows for lazy loading of services, there is a method AddService overload, creating services, when they ask for the first time is an alternative to static classes supports programming, based on contracts applicable to implement the service-factory suitable to create an architecture that supports plug-ins. Questions?

Message of the Mountain

THE BOOK REPORT essence of the dope pic Submitted by Gertrude Beatriz Lim 6-6 Submitted to Mrs. Miriam E. Rana Message of the Mountain is a Christian fiction written by Matilda Nordtvedt. The book has 135 pages with 30 chapters. The story takes place in Bellingham, uppercase in the early 1900s. It was settled, the illusionsons were relocating to Bellingham, Washington since dada cannot sustain the work in the country. conjuration liked the idea of moving to the city, barely Hilda and Lois were not so thrilled. Their house in Bellingham was modern, and stool was delighted.From the window, you could externalize the magnificent Mount Baker. Papa and Hilda started talking about how Mount Baker was like God, making John feel awkward. The girls were a bit worried passing play to school even with Johns encouragement. After class, Johns classmate, Marvin, led him to the railroad tracks where he got him to smoke a cigarette brought by a fifth-grader named Pete. As they parted, John ran home in dismay, anxious that his parents might find out. When he got home, John saw Mama chopping down some onions, so he ate a piece to take the smell of the cigarette out.John felt guilty for smoking, but thought that at least he did something to please his sire by chopping down some wood. There are some lessons that can be picked up from Message of the Mountain. One is about learning to accept form, because change is the only thing permanent in our lives. Everything changes in this world, so there is no way to resist it anyways. Another is that we should learn to say no. give tongue to no to wrong things will always be the right thing to do even if doing so means losing everything. Lastly, we should not lie, because lying could lead to depleted trust and relationship. I dont think we have to worry about bears and ghosts, Lois. God protects us from other things we meet each day and accidents maybe, and peculiarly from evil. That was what Mama told Lois. It means that God will always guard us from things that may endanger us. Its one of my favorite lines in the book. It makes me feel situate in the times of trouble jockeying God will not leave us, but He will be there protecting us. The outflank part in the chapters is when they arrived in Bellingham. It was about the time when things were about to change.It was nice because it described how John felt towards making new friends and adjusting to a new life. Message of the Mountain is a Christian fiction book written by Matilda Nordtvedt. Chapters 5 to 14 have forty-four pages in all. The story takes place in Bellingham, Washington, in the early 1900s. In Chapter 5, the Johnson family went to church. John still could not decide on what to believe in, creation or the theory of evolution but later on Mr. Stroms discussion, he believed in creation. While in Chapter 6, John was convinced by Mr. Williams lecture that everything evolved from something.After class, the trio John, Marvin, and Pete were do wn by the tracks smoking. Marvin suddenly asked for Johns share of tobacco, but John said he did not afford tobacco and Papa does not smoke. Marvin shrugged and suggested him to steal some at Mr. Thorsens store. John was astonished by his suggestion he could not steal now or could he? In Chapter 7, Mama had a big annunciation Hilda could take piano lessons if Mama would clean Mrs. Lavines house once a week. The girls were squealing from excitement but all John felt was smooching someone and getting some tobacco.In Chapter 8, Mr. Strom showed his complex watch and related it to the wonderful creations of God. John then reconsidered believing in creation. In the next chapter, Lois eavesdropped on Marvin and Johns conversation. She heard all their plans John made Lois promise to not tell anyone anything but he would have to give her some Life Savers. When Marvin and John proceeded to their plan, John was given a Life Saver. When John went home, he saw Marvin being pushed in a wagon by a police man. That night, Papa talked about the boy who was caught stealing tobacco.The next day, Marvin did not show up at school. When John came back from school, Lois was curled up in his bed wanting(p) more Life Savers. During supper, Lois was not present. She had gone to Mr. Thorsens store and stole a Life Saver. Marvin was back by the next day. John was relieved to know Marvin did not tell on him. Lois and John were going to Mr. Thorsens to apologize but did not. They went back home, and Mama told John to ask Marvin to have supper with them. John hesitated but eventually asked Marvin. Our lies will find us out. No matter how we try to hide it the truth will be revealed.We should also be a unsloped example to others. Our actions may affect others actions. There are some people who do wrong things because of their peer pressure in being called a yellow(a) or whatsoever, but we should learn to be stand up to do the right thing. If we say that we have no sin, we deceive oursel ves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. This line affected me most because it reminds me that God is a forgive God. It assured me that if I confess my sins to Him, I will be cleansed.

Rani lakshmibai Essay

L.K. Advanis suggestion to jointly celebrate the bring to pass of 1857 by India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is utterly ill-advised. It betrays, a trigger off from our misp entwine understanding of history, an bootlicking mentality towards Muslims. In independent India, we preserved the myth sedulously cultivated by Gandhi, that e very(prenominal)thing that was anti-British was patriotic. Adolf Hitler, by that logic, should be our greatest hero because he dealt the biggest blow to the British Empire. We adore a demonic Tipu Sultan, who claimed to throw off converted hundred thousand Hindus to Islam in a day, simply because he fought against the British.Advani should admit that, by character reference of the same logic, RSS is an unpatriotic organization because it took no part in emancipation perfor troopsce. In reality, the RSS founder Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, who had brush with revolution and experience of Non-Cooperation Movement, was a sagacious man. He understood that the need of the hour was to streng then(prenominal) and reorganize the Hindu society under British endure. Under Mughals, such organizations could non retain been raised neverthe little under the shade of the sword deal Khalsa by Guru Govind Singh.1857, although it was more than than array mutiny, was non the First struggle of Independence. This term was coined by a young Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who celebrated its 50th anniversary in London. 1857, in reality, was the last war of Islamic resistance. It was an attempt to overthrow the British East India Company and reestablish the Muslim rule. It is for this causation that Bengal, whose Hindus strike been benefited by liberal British education, shunned the uprising completely. Sikhs, persecuted by Mughals through extinct their history, had little sympathy towards Bahadur Shah Zafar.Some Hindus put one across created a myth that 1857 was a easy period of Hindu-Muslim amity. R.C. Mazumdar writes- in that location was communa l tension even in Delhi, the centre of the great effect. But it was not confined to that city. We learn from an official report on the darkness of the Mutiny (June, 4) at Varanasi that news was received by some Mussalmans had determined to raise the Green Flag in the temple of Bisshessur.The communal hatred take ugly communal riots in umteen parts of U.P. Green Flag was hoisted and bloody wars werefought in the midst of Hindus and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Mordabad and others places where Muslims the Muslims shouted for the revival of the Muslim kingdom. The communal differ was supplemented by racial animosity of enormous standing produced by historical causes. The Muslims in Hyderabad were excited by events of North India and developed strong anti-British feeling, but they were more hostile to the Marathas and would have gladly fought under the British under Holkar and Sindhia (British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance-I p.618-History and Culture of the Indian People Vo l. IX)Gandhi tried to rope in Muslims in Non Co-operation movement for Swaraj on quid pro quid basis with Khilafat movement. To ordinary Muslims, Swaraj became co-terminus with reestablishment of Muslim rule in India. Its most(prenominal) eminent example is the Mopla riots (1920) in Malabar. Not a single British life was lost in anti-British uprising by Moplas. But it conduct to death, rape, mutilation of thousands of Hindus in addition to plunder and desecration of temples. We saw, in juvenile sometime(prenominal), how anti-Bush and anti-cartoon rally by Muslims had turned into attacks upon Hindus. Today to remind Muslims of their glorious role in anti-British struggle is to encourage more suicide bombers to emerge against the Lond nonpareilrs. 0MultiQuoteReply82 ramana go on pieceGroup Senior MembersPosts 3,265Joined 03-October 03 stick on 20 June 2006 1017 PMMore from Deccan Chronicle, 20 June 2006 Sunday Section.QUOTE decision making on a title for 1857Itihaas By Akhilesh MithalThe year 2007 allow mark the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the greatest up-surge in nearly both centuries (1757-1947) of British rule in India. The memories of the episode are distorted because the British won and victors usually angle history to serve their own narrow, partisan ends.The Indians who collaborated and helped the British quell the uprising became the major beneficiaries and joined the rulers in erasing and distorting all positive memories of the turn ones stomach. Many of these toady families continue to be rich and close to power centers in the Congress and the BJP. Their views colour in Indian perceptions along the lines that Britishers had laid down.It has come to such a pass that even the images of the most important leaders such as Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and Nana Dhondho draw Peshwa have got lost. The portraits that exist are mushkook or suspect and no schoolchild is familiar with the real appearance of these heroes and heroines.Although the rebel soldiers (nearly 1,00,000) were joined by the Emperor of India, the Peshwa of the Maratthas, the Begum of Awadh many Nawabs, Rajas and Ranis besides peasants, traders and shopkeepers, the title mutiny continues to prevail.The emperor butterflys gardens, castles, mosques and seminaries received special attention from the sappers and miners. The entire villages were burnt down and the ruined mud walls razed to the ground. The heart of Delhi and the center of Lucknow were gouged out. Shahjahanabad Delhi was reduce and its status reduced to a lowly district headquarters in the Province of the Punjab.Lucknow lost its place as capital of Awadh. Allahabad was the new capital from which ecclesiastic Canning announced that Queen Victoria had assumed direct rule.Many leftist historians blether of the uprising as an attempt to re-establish feudalism while ignoring the feature that the British Raj was a military dictatorship displaying the worst aspects of racist Nazism and Fascism while operating under a thin civilian veneer.The British prevarication on the subject of sharing power with Indians is a matter of record. The 20th Century British attempt to pass off bogus and impotent legislatures in India as an experiment in democracy, was exposed by Bhagat Singh and his group when they threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and followed it up with a shower of pamphlets recite out the deception being practised.Independence saw an India with 10 per cent literacy, an average expectancy of age at 29, and a franchise chase aftering less than 13 per cent of the population. The coun feat was ruled by the British civil military junta from Shimla or Delhi with collaborators from amongst the Indians helping them justify every outrage and cover up the failures.The British-officered Indian army was posted at strategic bases and could be summoned out at short notice. The army shooting to kill unarmed civilians protesting slaveholding in Jallianwala Bagh in 1942 are amongst the darkest chapters of British rule.The British claim to have trained Indians in the practice of democracy. In foreland of fact, their rule in India spawned not Indian democracy but military dictatorship in Pakistan and Bangladesh.It should be remembered that the second most powerful per discussion in India during British Rule was the Commander-in-Chief in India. His lakh rupee salary made him the highest paid man in uniform in the whole Empire including the sceptred Island. (For those born after the play of the Empire sceptred were the title the British gave to their home.)The use of the epithet Great for Britain and sceptred for the island helped the British forget all the want, misery deprivation and sufferingthey had caused in India during their rule.The revisit to 1857 should include inputs from what is now Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Nepal under the Ranas came to the help of the British, took its share of loot, established a foothold of Gurkhas in the army, which lasts and they should have interesting material in their records. both Nana Saheb and Begum Hazrat Mahal died in Nepal and it would be interesting to know the fate of their treasure.Perhaps the Pakistanis should be asked to concentrate on the Bengal infantry regiment revolts in the Punjab and in the NWFP to bring these facts out of obscurity. There also is the story of the rebel leader Ahmad Shah of Nilibar. He exists in folklore and should come out into history texts. We shall talk about NWFP and 1857 in another column.0MultiQuoteReply83 acharyaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 6,411Joined 13-August 03Posted 24 June 2006 1144 PMRising, droppingAs we enter the 150th anniversary of 1857, William Dalrymple casts a new look at one of Indian historys most enigmatic episodes, and its outcome WILLIAM DALRYMPLE e-mail one scallywag format feedback send read In June 1858, the Times correspondent William Howard Russella man now famous as the father of war journalismarrived in the ru ins of Delhi, recentlyrecaptured by the British from the rebels after one of the bloodiest sieges in Indian history. Skeletons whitewash littered the streets, and the domes and minars of the city were riddled with shell holes but the walls of the deprivation Fort, the great palace of the Mughals, still looked magnificent I have seldom seen a nobler mural aspect, wrote Russell in his diary, and the great space of bright red walls put me in mind of (the) finest part of Windsor Castle.Russells ultimate ending was, even, rather less imposing. Along a dark, dingy back passage of the fort, Russell was led to the cell of a frail 83-year-old man who was accused by the British of being one of the masterminds of the Great Rising, or Mutiny, of 1857, the most serious armed act of resistance to Western imperialism ever to be mounted anywhere in the world. He was a dim, wandering-eyed, dreamy old man with a feeble hanging bottom(prenominal) lip and toothless gums, wrote a surprised Russell. Not a word came from his lips in silence he sat day and night with his eyes cast on the ground, and as though utterly oblivious of the conditions in which he was placed. His eyes had the dull, filmy look of very old age. Some comprehend him quoting verses of his own composition, constitution poetry on a wall with a burned stick.He was a dim, wandering-eyed, dreamy old man with a feeble hanging nether lip and toothless gums, the Times correspondent William Russell wrote of Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1858. The last emperor of the Mughals, a direct but all-too-remote descending(prenominal) of Genghis Khan.The prisoner was Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, direct descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamburlane, of Akbar, Jehangir and Shah Jehan. As Russell himself observed, He was called ungrateful for rising against his bene reckons. He was no surmise a weak and cruel old man but to talk of ingratitude on the part of one who saw that all the dominions of his ancestors had been gra dually taken from him until he was left with an empty title, and more empty exchequer, and a palace full of penniless princesses, is perfectly preposterous.Zafar was born in 1775, when the British were still a relatively insignificant coastal power clinging to three enclaves on the Indian shore.In his lifetime he saw his own dynasty reduced to humiliating insignificance, while the British transformed themselves from servile traders into an aggressively expansionist military force.British residents ride behind emperor Akbar II and his sons in 1815Zafar came late to the throne, succeeding his father hardly in his mid-60s, when it was already impossible to reverse the political decline of the Mughals. But despite this he succeeded in creating around him in Delhi a court of great brilliance. Personally, he was one of the most talented, tolerant and analogousable of his dynasty a skilled calligrapher, a profound writer on Sufism, a discriminating patron of miniature painters and an in spired creator of gardens.Most importantly, he was a very serious mystical poet, who wrote not only in Urdu and Persian but Braj Bhasha and Punjabi, and partly through his patronage on that point took place arguably the greatest literary renaissance in modern Indian history.Himself a ghazal writer of great charm and accomplishment, Zafars court provided a showcase for the talents of Indias greatest spot poet, Ghalib, and his rival Zauqthe Mughal poet laureate, and the Salieri to Ghalibs Mozart. 0MultiQuoteReply84 acharyaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 6,411Joined 13-August 03Posted 24 June 2006 1145 PM0MultiQuoteReply85 acharyaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 6,411Joined 13-August 03Posted 24 June 2006 1145 PM0MultiQuoteReply86 acharyaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 6,411Joined 13-August 03Posted 24 June 2006 1148 PMThis fast emerging middle-class India is a country with its eyes heavily fixed on the coming century. Everywhere thither is a profound hope that the countrys rapidly rising international status will somehow compensate for a past often perceived as a long succession of invasions and defeats at the work force of foreign powers.Whatever the reason, the result is a tragic neglect of Delhis magnificent past.Sometimes it seems as if no other great city of the world is less loved, or less cared foras the preeminence of the recent Outlook cover story highlighted. Occasionally thither is an outcry as the tomb of the poet Zauq is discovered to have disappeared under a municipal urinal or the haveli courtyard house of his rival Ghalib is revealed to have been turned into a coal store but by and large the losses go unrecorded.I fall out it heartbreaking often when I revisit one of my favourite monuments it has either been overrun by some slum, unsympathetically restored by the asi or, more usually, simply demolished. ninety-nine per cent of the delicate havelis or Mughal courtyard houses of Old Delhi have beendestroyed, and desire the c ity walls, disappeared into memory.According to historian Pavan Verma, the majority of the buildings he recorded in his book Mansions at Dusk only 10 years ago no longer exist. Perhaps there is also a cultural factor here in the neglect of the past as one conservationist told me recently You must understand, he said, that we Hindus burn our dead. Either way, the loss of Delhis past is irreplaceable and future generations will inevitably look back at the conservation failures of the early 21st century with a deep sadness. Rising, FallingRising, FallingAs we enter the 150th anniversary of 1857, William Dalrymple casts a new look at one of Indian historys most enigmatic episodes, and its aftermath WILLIAM DALRYMPLEIn June 1858, the Times correspondent William Howard Russella man now famous as the father of war journalismarrived in the ruins of Delhi, recently recaptured by the British from the rebels after one of the bloodiest sieges in Indian history. Skeletons still littered the stre ets, and the domes and minars of the city were riddled with shell holes but the walls of the Red Fort, the great palace of the Mughals, still looked magnificent I have seldom seen a nobler mural aspect, wrote Russell in his diary, and the great space of bright red walls put me in mind of (the) finest part of Windsor Castle. Russells ultimate destination was, however, rather less imposing.0MultiQuoteReply87 MudyAdvanced MemberGroup AdministratorsPosts 19,601Joined 13-August 03Posted 27 June 2006 0933 PMQUOTE title of respect A HISTORY OF THE SEPOY WAR IN INDIA 1857-1858. (VOL II) Author1 JOHN WILLIAM KAYEAuthor2 Subject HISTORYLanguage EnglishBarcode 2020050020626Year 1927Online book are available on this site.http//dli.iiit.ac.in/They have excellent collection of books.0MultiQuoteReply88 acharyaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 6,411Joined 13-August 03Posted 15 July 2006 0815 AMChauhan sees a major flaw in textbookStaff CorrespondentReferring 1857 warfare of Independence as mut iny a big mistake, Chief diplomatic minister tells Manmohan SinghBHOPAL Madhya Pradesh Chief pastor Shivraj Singh Chauhan has brought to the notice of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that the social science textbookfor Class X prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) refers to the 1857 War of Independence as mutiny and said that this flaw should be rectified immediately.According to information received here, Mr. Chauhan raised the issue at a merging called by the Prime Minister at his residence in New Delhi on Thursday to chalk out the plan for the 150th anniversary celebrations of the 1857 War of Independence. The meeting was attended by members of the Union Cabinet, senior members of political parties, Chief Ministers, Governors, historians and intellectuals.Drawing attention to the fact that it was Veer Sawarkar who had called it the First War of Independence, the Chief Minister regretted that the CBSE syllabus continues to describe the 1857 War of Independ ence as mutiny. The Chief Minister urged the Prime Minister to have this flaw corrected and requested that a hire be sanctioned for the descendants of those who had fought the 1857 War.He asserted that textbooks should be used effectively to impart knowledge about the struggle for Independence. This he emphasised by recounting the sacrifice of Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi, Rani Avantibai of Ramgarh, Raja Bhaktbali of Shahgarh, Raja Shankar Shah of Jabalpur and Raghunath Shah in the 1857 War of Independence. He said his government had declared awards in memory of Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah two heroes of the 1857 War of Independence from Madhya Pradesh.A proposal to increase the pension of freedom fighters is under consideration in the rural area. Mr. Chauhan said many functions were being organised in the State to celebrate the centenary of Chandra Shekhar Azad. He also informed that every month, on the first working day, Vande Mataram is sung by the Chief Minister, Ministers and all State Government employees.The word mataram gets repeated four times in the Bangladesh national anthem but nobody in that country objects to it whereas the pseudo-secular elements in this country try to create unnecessary confusion about Vande-Mataram, hesaid.0MultiQuoteReply89Group GuestsPosted 15 July 2006 0920 AMIf I am right Mangal Pandey triggers the war in March, 1857 in Barrakpur Cantt near Kolkata. Uprising began in Meerut on May 10, 1857.I would like to know about two things What went on between March and May of 1857. What triggered the events at Meerut.I also would ike to know some more facts about Oudh (Awadh) Annexation. Awadh was not a total region controlled by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah from Lucknow. In the interiors of Oudh there were independent Hindu princes and independants as surface. While Wajid Ali Shah was based in Lucknow (and Faizabad), there were Hidu princes in interiors like Gonda, Balrampur, Tulsipur, Naugarh, Manikapur and various other smaler areas o n the borders of Nepal and todays Uttar Pradesh.Having once lived in that region of UP I had comprehend some folklores which talked about some of these princes and even one queen having led their people into fighting bravely with British forces. Some other stories are about very active defy from Nepals kingdm. I also heard stories of bravery of Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow having led the resistance. Though I have not learnt what does official history sayanyone knows?Also king of Banaras and people of some towns in Bihar gave warm resistanceto British, which is not well registered?Regards0MultiQuoteReply90 MudyAdvanced MemberGroup AdministratorsPosts 19,601Joined 13-August 03Posted 15 July 2006 1033 AMQUOTE What went on between March and May of 1857. What triggered the events at Meerut.here is link-LinkRead first page.0MultiQuoteReply91Group GuestsPosted 06 August 2006 0138 AMQUOTE(pulikeshi Jul 11 2004, 1045 AM)Interesting thread but shouldnt we change the name or the thread to say something like Indian war for independency 1857.I think it is to fall victim of British propaganda to call 1857 as Indian war of Independence. If the warring parties would have won against theBritish, individual rulers would have got their own lands, there was no independence of india at stake in 1857. this tag was given to nail in the fact that Indians historically lack unity. when ever we talk of unity in present day India, inveriably 1857 war is brought up as an example of Indians historic lack of unity. that is most ridiculous. war of 1857 had nothing to do with Indian unity. simply because there was no notion of India. It was war of moghal allies against britis allies. the major strength of british army was due to Sikhs and Gorkhas.which were at that time british allies, but in history they are seen as british subordinates. Sikhs had oft greater scorn for moghals then for british, to support them in the 1857 war. British allies had no way to know at that time, that bri tish would enslave whole of india and their own allies for 200 years. for them the atrocities of the Muslims were known. the British seemed to be a better choice. 0MultiQuoteReply92 ramanaAdvanced MemberGroup Senior MembersPosts 3,265Joined 03-October 03Posted 08 August 2006 0856 PMx-posted agree review In Pioneer, 8 August 2006QUOTERising for a lesser causeIf one believes the account of Field Marshal Lord Roberts, the revolt of 1857 was nothing more than the last and desperate attempt by Muslims to reimpose their superiority over Indian politics, write Prafull Goradia and KR PhandaAn Eye Witness theme of The Indian Mutiny, Field Marshall Lord Roberts ofKandahar Mittal Publications, $60This book, An Eye Witness Account of the Indian Mutiny, by Field Marshal Lord Frederick Roberts of Kandahar necessitate to be read for more than one reason. First, it proves that the 1857 uprising was a sepoy mutiny. Second, it was the last attempt by Muslims to recover their own rule from the Brit ish. The epicentre of the mutiny was the erstwhile kingdom of Oudh.The role of the Hindu princes was only peripheral. Third, the decision of the Government of India to celebrate now the Mutiny as the First War of Independence would amount to heaping insult on the sacrifices made by the Rajputs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Sikhs to throw out the Muslim invaders from India.Between Lord Roberts and his father major(ip) General Sir Abraham Roberts, they had spent almost 90 years in India. Frederick was in India from 1852 to 1893. He participated in quelling the mutiny at several places including Delhi. In his own wordsThe first threatening of coming trouble were heard in the early part of 1857. During the months of February, March and April rumours reached us at Peshwar of mysterious chapattis (unleavened cakes) being sent about the country with the object, it was alleged, of preparing the natives for some forthcoming event. We heard that the nineteenth Native Infantry at Berhampore, a military station about 100 miles from Calcutta, had broken open the bells-of-arms that a sepoy named Mangal Pandey at Barrackpore had wounded the Adjutant and Sergant Major of his regiment and that Sepoys at the Schools of Musketry had objected to use the cartridges served out with new rifles (p-34).As the news spread, the native regiments based in Peshwar, Naushera, Umbala, Mian Mir (Lahore), Multan, Ferozpore and other places were disarmed. The snuff itings at Meerut triggered the revolt elsewhere and, it is from there that the sepoys marched to Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah as badshah. Soon, thereafter, some 85 soldiers refused to receive the rifle cartridges on the suspicion that these were greased with lard and cow fat. On enquiry, theywere found guilty and penalise severely. In retaliation, the British officers, their wives and children and every European on the outskirts of the Meerut Cantonment were massacred. Meanwhile, Delhi fell into Muslim hands. It took three mon ths before General Wilson established his headquarters at the Red Fort. Every eye, Lord Canning wrote, is upon Oudh as it was on Delhi.The Gurkhas and the Sikhs helped in the recapture of the Imambara in Lucknow. The city was recaptured on March 14, 1858. But for the sagacity of diplomacy and the cleverness of strategy, the British would not have been able to recapture north-west India. They received cooperation from the Amir of Afghanistan, the Sikhs and the Gurkhas of Nepal. Commissioner of Lahore Division Sir John Lawrence had strongly advocated the policy of trusting the maharaja of Patiala and the Rajas of Jind and Nabha. Douglas Forsyth, the Deputy Commissioner of Ambala, met the Maharaja and addressed him thusMaharaja Sahib answer me one question Are you for us or against us? The Maharajas reply was As long as I live, I am yours.To the question what brought about the cataclysm, Roberts says The causes which brought about the mutiny were so various and some of them of such lo ng standing, that it is difficult to point them out as concisely as I could wish. Mahommedans looked back to the days of their empire in India but failed to remember how completely. Their maulvis taught them it was only lawful for true Mussalmans to guide to the rule of an infidel if there was no possibility of successful revolt, and they watched for the chance of again being able to cast off Islam supreme. The late Sir George Campbell says that the mutiny was a sepoy revolt, not a Hindu confusion (p-231-24).The annexation of Oudh by the British was considered unjust by Muslims. Their other grievance was the treatment meted out to Bahadur Shah, the last Mughal emperor. In this context, it needs to be pointed out that when Lord Lake captured Delhi in 1803, it was made clear to him that his place of residence would be shifted out of the Red Fort and his successors would not be called badshah. Thus, the Muslims were aggrieved on several counts and the Meerutmutineers marched to Delh i and proclaimed him as the badshah of India.Indian historical episodes have seldom been looked upon from the Hindu, as distinct from the Muslim, view point. Most of the time studies have been as if the communities were serial and they were actually one people with a commons heritage. If anything, it is the British who did not quaver to make distinction. For example, Roberts quotes Sir John Campbell summing up that the mutiny was not a Hindu rebellion. On the other hand, the author himself has highlighted that other than the sepoys, the two great political causes were Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah and the Nawab of Oudh, both Muslim and both perceived to have been deprived of their hereditary thrones.Although it was not the soldiers business to analyse politics, a professional historian should not miss the point that the primary losers at the hands of the British were Muslims and not Hindus. Most of north India, except Rajasthan, was ruled by a badshah or a nawab who, in turn, had g ifted large tracts of lands to his allies and satellites who were also mostly Muslim. The Hindu, on the other hand, had benefited from the advent of the East India Company, which demonstrated since the Battle of Plassey, 1757, that it had the military capability to defeat nawabs.True, the sepoys must have had their grievances such as the new Enfield cartridges, but the substantive economic interests that were lost had belonged to Muslims. Due to the permanent land settlement of Lord Cornwallis, most of the zamindaris that were auctioned were taken up by Hindus, although to begin with most of the land had been the jagirs of Muslims.The book is, in any case, a ready diary on he basis of which those decades of Indian history can be interpreted by students of history.It is in this context that W.W. Hunters book on the Indian Mussalman and Edmund Blunts book and the Pakistan project have to be understood. 0MultiQuoteReply93Group GuestsPosted 09 August 2006 0332 AMQUOTE(ramana Aug 8 20 06, 0848 PM)Indian historical episodes have seldom been looked upon from the Hindu, as distinct from the Muslim, view point. Most of the time studies have been as if the communities were accompanyingal and they were actually one people with a common heritage. If anything, it is the British who did not hesitate to make distinction.For example, Roberts quotes Sir John Campbell summing up that the mutiny was not a Hindu rebellion. On the other hand, the author himself has highlighted that other than the sepoys, the two great political causes were Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah and the Nawab of Oudh, both Muslim and both perceived to have been deprived of their hereditary thrones.Bravo my friend. for years we hindus have suffered in guilt and incapabiity of mughals. it is very nessasary that indian history be seen separatly through hindu point of view. Hindus weekness is not the lack of unity but readiness to befriend unworthy foes. This is virtue while dealings among hindus, it is a wee kness when dealing with other cultures. 0MultiQuoteReply94 ramanaAdvanced MemberGroup Senior MembersPosts 3,265Joined 03-October 03Posted 10 August 2006 0230 AMBTW, The above is a quote from a book review and not my ideas.While at it if one studies the colonial period by tightlipped to geographical India only then it doesnt make sense. The key to understand it is that it is a chronicle of British Imperialism and the rest(French, Dutch,Danes(Tranquebar) etc) followed to keep pace in Europe or else they would become beggars. Ever wonder where the Russian colonies were? Central Asia What about the Swedes? None they were Johnny come latelies and the French already took them over by then. 0MultiQuoteReply95 ramanaAdvanced MemberGroup Senior MembersPosts 3,265Joined 03-October 03Posted 14 August 2006 1247 AMDeccan Chronicle, 13 August 2006QUOTE1857 Ghadar & Madan LalItihaas By Akhilesh MithalHow significant 1857 was for the Indians and the British in pre-independence India can be judge d from the following facts. May 10, the anniversary of the Uprising, saw all adult British males carrying personal arms and forts were unplowed ready as the rallying point for British women and children in case of necessity. Half a century ago, in this very week, we bravely defended our empire.The Daily electrify of May 7, 1907 stated.The Indian perception was just as clear. At the beginning of May 1909, a circular invited Indian students to a meeting in the India firm to observe the 51st anniversary of the Ghadar on May 10, which, propitiously, was also a Sunday as had been May 10 in 1857. The circular, titled Bande Mataram stated To commemorate the Indian National Rising of 1857, a meeting of Indians in England will be held at India House on sunday 10th may 1908, at 4 pm precisely. You and your friends are cordially invited toattend.The purpose of the meeting, printed at the back of the notice, was stated as being one of holding up to admiration, martyrs and the principal leader s of the rebellion including Nana Saheb. According to the folklore of the Indian Freedom Struggle, the founder of the India House in London, Shyamaji Krishna Verma had met Nana Saheb in his hideout in the Nepat Terai, thus forging a link between 1857 and the parturient freedom movement of India.Thus readers can see for themselves that for freedom fighters of the nineteenth century and also for the British the 1857 uprising was something of abiding significance. For Indians, it gave something to look back upon for eagerness while for the British, it was something to fill the mind with alarm fear and trepidation.The story of an Indian living in England in 1909 will illustrate the tension between Indians and the British.Madan Lal Dhingra was the son of a prominent medical practitioner of Punjab. His elder brother had been called to the Bar and was practising law in Lahore. Madan Lal was drawn to the freedom struggle by exposure to firebrands like Har Dayal. He appeared in class at th e University College wearing a badge inscribed with names of the martyrs and leaders of 1857 supplied by the organisers of the May 10, 1909 meeting.In the class, he was arranged to remove the badge, to which he refused. This led to him being ragged by the British students and Madan Lal was so incensed by the leader of the raggers that he offered to cut his throat. When news of this incident reached home, his father requested Curzon Wylie, an official appointed for counselling Indian students and keeping an eye on them, to help recover Madan Lal to the cause of loyalty to the Empire. Curzon Wylie had retired from the Indian ground forces to become political A.D.C. to the Secretary of State for India in 1901. Madan Lal was infuriated and wrote home to say that he deplored an attitude which asked Anglo-Indians like Curzon Wylie to interfere in what were essentially Indias snobbish affairs.Madan Lal bought a Colt revolver and also a Belgian weapon and startedpractising shooting at a private range. The National Indian Association had its annual world(a) meeting on July 1, 1909. After dining at the Savoy, Curzon Wylie proceeded to the Associations At Home in Jahangir Hall of the Imperial institute. When the programme concluded, Wylie was seen descending from the staircase. Madan Lal engaged him in converse and, then, suddenly, pulled out the revolver and fired five shots into his face at point blank range. As Wylie fell down, a Parsi, Cowas Lalkaka tried to shield the victim. The sixth biff killed him. When overpowered by the crowd Madan Lal tried to shoot himself but there were no more bullets left.In his statement, Madan Lal said, I am a patriot working for the independence of the motherland from the foreign yoke. I object to the term murderer to me because I am fully justified in what I have done. The English would have done the same thing had the Germans been in occupation of England. Madan Lal was tried and sentenced to death. He was hanged on August 17, 1909. Thus the link between the Ghadar of 1857 and the freedom movement of the 19th century was clear in the mind of many who took part and risked their all for the freedom of their beloved motherland.This shows link between 1857 and the revolutionary part of the Indian freedom struggle. I think through Tilak and Gandhi the link to the tradtional freedom movement has to be documented so that it clears any persistent cobwebs in the minds. 0MultiQuoteReply96Group GuestsPosted 14 August 2006 0133 AMQUOTE(ramana Aug 14 2006, 1239 AM)I think through Tilak and Gandhi the link to the tradtional freedom movement has to be documented so that it clears any persistent cobwebs in the minds.There cannot be any doubt that the failed 1857 revolt had nothing to do withindian independence. it was only later on when the british crimes became worst than the memories of the mughal crimes that 1857 revolt was seen as inspiring event for indian freedom fighters. 0MultiQuoteReply97 BharatvarshAdvanced M emberGroup Senior MembersPosts 2,397Joined 13-April 05Posted 14 August 2006 1136 PMQUOTEthe indian war of independence 1857vinayak damodar savarkorhttp//dli.iiit.ac.ie=2020050057563I have to agree with jayashastri, the 1857 rebellion was by no means a war for independence, obviously when Savarkar wrote this he was in his younger days of militant nationalism and wanted these events to serve as an inspiration for future freedom fighters (and they did so) but back then he wasnt so aware of Islam either and thought that Hindus and Muslims could forge a common bond (which was rejected by him later on if we take his later day speeches and writings as evidence), the 1857 rebellion had a lot of vested interests (jihadis) that had no other motive than to establish Mughal empire again and there were even Hindu-Muslim riots in places where the rebellion succeeded so it cant rightfully be described as a movement for independence but it served as a catalyst for the beginnings of Indian natio nalism and doubtless there were many noble souls who were genuine freedom fighters (they may not have had the conception of a Pan Indian nationhood yet) but they may have fought for local independence from theBritish. Sita Ram Goel also does not consider it as a movement for independence, here are his comments regarding 1857 QUOTEThis jihd which was joined by Hindu rebellions on the fringes was named as The Indian War of Independence, 1857 (London, 1909) by V.D. Savarkar. He had yet to learn the history of Islam in India. It is significant that secularists and Muslim who hate Savarkar, hail the book as well as its name.http//www.voiceofdh/tfst/appi1.htm0MultiQuoteReply98 Hauma HamiddhaAdvanced MemberGroup ModeratorsPosts 816Joined 13-August 03Posted 15 August 2006 0535 AMQUOTEThere cannot be any doubt that the failed 1857 revolt had nothing to do with indian independence.I believe this is simply too extreme a characterization. It was definitely a widespread movement expressedly aim ed at driving out the White man from India. However, in India then as now the heathen interests where not strongly aligned, and then there were the Musalmans. -The Hindus across a wide swath of society from backward classes to the brahmins fought in this war. -Many saw the danger possed by Christianity in damaging the Hindu ethos, however many of the Hindu elite were in the fight due to their personal situation. Many like Nana, Rani Lakshmibai etc led the revolt because of personal interests. Nevertheless others like Tatya Tope, KunwarSingh were fired by Hindu nationalism.Nevertheless, I agree that the Hindus foolishly thought they could make a common cause with the Islamic elite that had independently called international jihad because Christianity and the British overbearance were intruding into their religious as well as personal sphere. Thus Nana sent a letter calling for the Moslem Jihad to make common cause with the Hindu struggle. It is not some miracle that he succeeded, but merely that the two happened to align due to a common enemy. This did not happen earlier in the Karnatic where Tipu Sultan and Hyder with very ambiguous attitudes towards the Hindus were not aligned in their interest with the Hindu elite. Tipu saw the Maharattas as much or more an Enemy than Christian White men.All said, we must keep in mind the following 1) Prior to 1857 and immediately after it there were a string of anti-British rebellions throughout the country. The Balwant Phadke rebellion, the Vellore rebellion, the tribal revolt, the Velu Thampi rebellion are all examples. 1857 was merely one of the largest of those. In these rebellions there was disconnect in the firing between the North and South of India. South fired before North and each was quiet when the other was firing. South was no very well-knit in hurt of Hindu military leadership so it lacked the coordination seen in the North importantly directed by Maharatta leaders was lacking.In light of this the BJP idea o f celebrating 1857 in common with the TSPians and BDs is ridiculous. 0MultiQuoteReply99 mitradenaAdvanced MemberGroup Senior MembersPosts 258Joined 22-November 03Posted 15 August 2006 1019 AMHauma,What is your creed about Mangal Pandeys role in this?Was he fired by Hindu nationalism or just an emotional guy reacting to an insult (Beef laced cartridges)? 0MultiQuoteReply100Group GuestsPosted 15 August 2006 0604 PMQUOTE(Hauma Hamiddha Aug 15 2006, 0527 AM)QUOTEThere cannot be any doubt that the failed 1857 revolt had nothing to do with indian independence.I believe this is simply too extreme a characterization.No. I think it is very unsubdivided and obvious point. Those who were fighting the revolt were not fighting for Indian independence. The 1857 revolt and the (gandhian) fight for Indian independence were fought for 2 totally different objectives. and thus could not be considered as one being the precursor to another. yes inspirations were drawn from individual valor of the 1 857 revolt, simply because the enemy was the same, not because the cause was the same. The danger of believing so will lead us to false conclusions that Indians were not united in 1857 but became united later.The unity, of mainly Hindu kings, should not come into question because there was no call for their unity. No one single obvious cause under which they needed to unite, other than Hinduism. and Hindus unlike other religions are taught to act tally to their own Dharma/role/job. where the dharma of Hindus who were Brits allies was to stay loyal to their words the Dharma of those fighting against Brits was to fight for unfairness done to their people. It is only in Islam and then later in Christianity (during crusades, only 1000 year after conception of christianity) that there exist a clauseto fight in the name of religion. This in fact is main cause why there is so much, unending Islamic terrorism. According to Muslim scriptures it is paramount that every Muslim take on himsel f for fight for the injustice dont to other Muslims. it does not matter if the other Muslims was right or wrong, as long as he is threatened by a non Muslim he must be supported. 0

My Most Memorable Expeirence

My Most Memorable Experience My most memorable experience would have to be the first time I stepped into a spring studio. I recall walking into an old musty room I could smell the sweat from afar. The dance teacher was repeating words that would forever stay with me for years to come. Five, six, seven, eight The teacher stood in the center of the room clapping her delicate hands to the hertz of the drum. As I stood there I was transformed. I started to perspire with excitement.I could see the dancers their aces full of intensity stomping to the rhythm of the drum. I knew at that moment that I was in short outlet to be part of that group. My body began to prepare Itself for the intensity of my first class, that would forever be part of my life. Folkloric dance was soon to become part of my life. I quietly sat down and began to stretch my muscles to prepare for my class. I could see skirts of many vibrant colors twirling and spinning making beautiful designs in the air. I stepped in to my folkloric shoes. These shoes are especially made for this type of dance.They have nails on the tip of he shoe and on the heal, this enables the dancer to make sounds that are contrastive from those used in tap shoes or flamenco shoes. These shoes are hard to find, they are usually ordered from cities like Quadrangular, or Mexico. I Joined the other dancers their faces full of passion and Intensity. They were already producing beautiful cooperated, Toe heal flat, toe, heal flat. I began to move my feet to rhythm of the beat. That I was soon going to be part of that group. My body began to prepare itself for the their faces full of passion and intensity. They were already producing beautiful

Critical Path Analysis: Its Use and Limitations Essay

Introduction As firms begin to realize the need to improve on their intention management capabilities, many companies and softw atomic number 18 developers have charged to fill this need by offering tools and techniques for a variety of projects. Some are tools for portfolio management, and any(prenominal) focus on particular disciplines within the project management field.Tools for resource planning, task and age management, communications management, resource solelyocation, or other project inevitably abound. Being a mature academic and practical course, Project Management has developed many tools and methodologies to assist in the planning, execution, evaluation and closeout of various types of projects. Varied tools pile be used throughout many categories of project needs, temporary hookup some tools are specific to certain types of projects.Some of the benefits of using project management tools and techniques as opposed to general management procedures, as mentioned in th is weeks lecture, are that they have been proven to behave particularly in a project environment and the uniformity of terms and approaches allows for better understanding and communication between members of the project team and the stakeholders. Tools such as Decision Trees, Cost-Benefit Analysis and programs such as Agile and Prince2 have proven to be particularly useful in producing best practice and expert results for projects that have employed them.certified public accountant Utility and Limitations critical Path Method (CPM) or Critical Path Analysis (CPA), as a project management tool, operates as the basis for a project work schedule, and likewise of resource planning illustrating shortest possible time to complete a project. The tool outlines critical events noting their sequencing, precedence relations, and strict timing requirements (Shtub, Bard and Globerson, 2005395). The authors further occupation that PERT and CPA approaches treat Finish to Start precedence relat ions using zero as lag time between finish of exsert practise to start of next task on the critical path.The CPA map shows what activities cannot begin without accomplishing the preceding task, it is dependent on and also defines parallel tasks or non-dependent tasks which can be performed simultaneously. By plotting activities using circles to flirt activities noting earliest start (EST) and end times (LFT), and pointers showing sequencing of tasks, CPA clearly defines the flow of tasks, timings and therefore resources that moldiness be allocated to accomplish activities and timelines.CPA has similarities to a GANTT chart as both tools show tasks that need to be done and the corresponding time to accomplish each. However, irrelevant a GANTT chart, CPA activity timings are not drawn to scale in that arrows represented with the corresponding length may correspond to differing measures of time (e. g. same size arrows may represent 1, 2 or 4 weeks). A GANTT chart will have the t asks on a vertical axis while the time required for each task is comfortably identified along its horizontal axis.For both GANTT and CPA, the plans critical path is the longest and has no spare time or slack/float in any of the tasks. If any delays between dependent tasks in the critical path are encountered, the satisfying project will be delayed unless the manager makes changes to bring the plan back on click. Bringing a project back on track may be done by possibly adding resources to cut delivery time of tasks (crashing) affected by the delay. Obviously, adding or re-allocating resources usually mean additional be to the project.A sample for a 10-week computer project using a CPA map is as below. Upper left numbers within nodes represent the EST and lower left numbers on nodes represent LFT. Number on the right is the activity number and task description and duration is along the arrow lines Source www. mindtools. com In managing a project, a CPA map allows the project team to monitor attainment of goals and assists the project manager to see where corrective natural process is required to get the project back on course.Shtub, Bard and Globerson (2005381) reiterate preparation and use of the tool requires a complete understanding of the projects goals and structures. As most projects will have a number of stakeholders with different requirements, it mustiness be assumed that a thorough knowledge and understanding of all these requirements are known and considered by the project manager in dress to utilize a CPA approach. Moreover, considerable expertise is required in order to estimate the duration of each project task as performance and resource allocation are dependent on the accuracy of the ame.While CPA is recognized as an important part of project management, projects which may not benefit from use of this tool are those where there is a requirement for utmost flexibility in project tasks and schedules. Project Flexibility is described by Mayl or, (201086) as the capability of a project to adjust to changes. As CPA assumes that activity times are deterministic having a predictable outcome as all of its causes are clear and rigid, it is unlikely that the CPA tool can easily take in many adjustments during the execution stage without jeopardizing the project.Since only parallel tasks are afforded time slack within the plan, a project may give detrimental delays and spiralling costs should situations arise where the schedules are not met, or resources cannot be re-allocated to a later or earlier timeline. In particular, R&D projects, where results of untried technology or a new drug cannot be easily predicted, or may need further testing and numerous changes, may plunk for from a very rigid CPA map. Moreover, project work on innovations will not have the benefit of historical basis for correctly estimating time requirements of many tasks involved which is ssential in using the CPA.The United States Food and Drug Administ ration (2004) comments, A new product development toolkit containing powerful new scientific and technical methods such as animal or computer-based predictive models, biomarkers for safety and effectiveness, and new clinical evaluation techniques is urgently needed to improve predictability and efficiency along the critical path from laboratory concept to commercial product. This lack of knowledge and systems in drug research and development negatively affects the proper carrying into action of a CPA as a project management tool.Conversely, Construction industry projects benefit widely from the use of CPA maps as there is a considerable body of knowledge, experience, and repetition in many of the tasks performed in such projects. Another weakness in the utilisation of the CPA tool highlighted by Woolf (2008) is the notice that there is as yet no universally accepted definition of the term critical path. He argues that this lack of consensus poses a problem in determining what is critical, nearcritical, or non-critical in nature when preparing a CPA map.Since parallel tasks falling outside of the critical path can still have rub effects on the total project should they fall behind in schedule, Woolf argues there is nothing non-critical about a parallel activity which has -17weeks as float. It is suggested criticality must be measurable and objective, free from comparisons which will make it subjective. Moreover, as a completed project is one unit, it is contended all tasks within the project are important/critical and contributes to its completion.This agreement in understanding and measure of terms is an important issue as one of the advantages of utilising tools and methods is its universality of understanding. In the case of R&D and highly innovative tasks in projects, this question poses an issue as unknown tasks at the start of the project which may arise and have epochal implications on the project would not have been accounted for in the critical path. Shtub, Bard and Globerson (2005382) cite overdependence on the CPA as a potential curse to project success.When pressure in sequential schedules is the primary focus, a team may cut short or totally exclude certain tasks in order to stay within timelines. This negative manner of management can be harmful to the projects final outcome. This last observation though is not a weakness of the tool itself but is a case of weak project management.Conclusion and Recommendation As with any tool, the users skill is key to its effective employment and management. CPA has been proven to be a valuable tool in project management for determiningActivities which must be performed, sequencing, prioritising, and timing Tasks which can be performed parallel to save time. The shortest time a project can be successfully delivered What and when resource will be required Remedial measures will be required and when during the performance of the project. As such, it is an integral part of the project management toolbox which can be attach efficiently in a variety of complex projects with proper inputs derived from experience, research, modelling and sound judgement.

Invictus

The exposure Invictus taught a lesson of reconciliation, forgiveness, and unity. It was mainly based on one of many Nelson Mandela achievements which was to unite southwestward Africa with the biz of Rugby. Invictus took place in 1995, when South Africa was divided into black ands whites. Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years and was elected as the first black President of South Africa. Mandela who was played by Morgan Freeman join forces with Pienaar Matt Damons character, who was also the captain of South Africas rugby team Springboks.The both of them worked unneurotic to generate and win the World Cup championship and inspire South Africa, raze when Pienaar was faced with much backlash from his team and family. Many of the whites in this picture show and as nearly as those black supporters of Mandela, expected that Mandela as President would be an excellent outlet for revenge for those who were brutalized, humiliated and oppressed under the years of aparth eid. However, Nelson Mandela was different, he had overcome the prejudice and hate and did not succumb to such attitude, he didnt allow it.He know that such actions wouldnt benefit his country. Nelson was a leader, he was about reconstructing South Africa into a better nation. He went into office with a goal of reconciliation, which began with forgiveness. He first offered jobs to all those who were employed by the previous president, even those same ones who helped imprisoned him. The sport of Rugby, and the Springboks in general were considered symbols and a constant reminder of apartheid to the blacks of South Africa.They wanted to disband the team and start fresh, but Nelson Mandela felt that such actions would only hurt his country more that it already was. So with the help of him and his encouragement the Springboks remained South Africas national team, and with his order they helped coached various clinics throughout the country. Eventually Rugby, was South Africas national. And when South Africa finally made it to the World cup, their entire country, both black and white, young and old, rich and poor cheered them on.Over all the movie was enjoyable. Morgan Freeman as Mandela and Matt Damon as Pienaar playing the role of a mentor and a motivational coach to his team and his family the both of them coming together for one cause of uniting everyone, was an inspiring story. However, as far as the rugby scenes being shot, I felt that the action on the field was a little off. I really dont know much about this sport to well and quite dont understand the support itself but to me they just didnt look the part.This movie had taught me and informed me more of Mandela and his actions in this light. It showed me how sports can also unify people. With forgiveness in your heart, as well as determination things are possible. We see the bond between Mandela and Pienaar, who were faced with obstacles but yet they succeeded at their goal. We see the relationship betwe en Nelson Mandelas security system team. We see the Rugby team, majority white, reaching out to their community. And most of all we see the nation of South Africa rallying as one. Overall good movie with good elements.

P1 Outline the responsibilities of the levels of government in the UK Essay

Government DepartmentResponsibilitiesMinistry Of self-abnegationThis part has province for the British Army, the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. This department is regulated by the Secretary of state for defence and three other junior Ministers, specific aloney the Minister of State for the build up forces, the under-secretary of state for defence and Minster for Veterans. The Ministry of defences job is to decide the policies and earning for all three armed serve and decide budgets to. Ministry Of JusticeFrom charge to release the ministry of Justice is responsible for the courts, prisons and Probation Services. The Home OfficeThe Home spotlight has a prime responsibility they ar responsible for civilian services such as the toss and Immigration service, drug policies and the Police. Department Of Communities and Local GovernmentThis department is responsible for The Uks fire and preservation service. It is regulated by the secretary of state for communities and local G overnment and Numerous junior Ministers. The departments job is to assign the local Government with supplys to fund the Fire and rescue Service. The Department also improves the bring through national policies and priorities. On the other hand this department is also responsible for local government although its non-uniformed it is still a necessary service. Department For HealthThis department has responsibility for the national Health Service. They argon responsible for the Ambulance service to. Independent Police Complaints commissionThis department deals with complaints within the Police service. There responsibility is to carry place investigations on serious matters. Some of the complaints made might be related to incidents involving remnant or injury, police corruption, police racism or perverting the course of justice. HM Revenue and CustomsThis department is responsible for collecting taxes it also has responsibility for the customs and exercise service. Inspectorates a nd HM inspectoratesTo ensure the even caterpillar tread of particular public services the government has given this responsibility to the HMI The defence Vetting AgencyThis agency carries out national security checks its responsible for checking anyone who joins the Armed services, civilians who work with the Ministry of Defence, civilian contractors or any other checks in government departments. Quality Care CommissionThis departments responsibility is to make sure all health care and social care including private healthcare in England is met to the quality standards required and that patients are getting the care they expect.

Henry Lawson Essay

Henry Lawson, conflicted and brilliant was hailed as one of the greatest writers of Australia during the Colonial Period. Famous for his authenticity and vivid realism, many historians have often get downd that Lawson acted as a spokesman of sorts for Australians and is acclaimed as a catchment basin in Australian literature. From one of his many works stems the short poem entitled Poverty portrait the themes of poverty, penury and hypocrisy. Lawson attempts in two stanzas to capture the emotions of those who are under financial difficulties.He also touches upon some(prenominal) social issues of how people, specifically preachers and poets, often try to glorify and romanticize poverty as a virtue. He criticizes the hypocrisy of those who cite poverty as an asset, something to be thankful for and a building block of sheath when they themselves know nothing of the realities and actualities of being poor as it goes against all his personal notions and sentiments of poverty being th e seed of all evil the cause of half the crime, the cause of half the error The new mantra nowadays is how everybody is flavour to lead a more meaningful life. Greed and avarice is now copious in close to every social circle and it compels practically everyone to step back once in a composition to ask Is this worth it? Most often the temptation and thirst dominates the handsome seeds of doubt and it is on this note which is most similar to Poverty. World population has nearly tripled in the last 50 eld alone and the intense pressure and the constant rat race to make more money and rafts of it increases along with the competition.Despite the fact the many people hold the opinion that poverty is a curse, statistics and surveys on people with a lower quality of life has indicated quite the opposite. On the contrary, poorer people tend to be more at peace and contented with life. With none so many material possessions to blind them from the received essence of life, they are ab le to lead a humble existence and learn to enjoy small joys and little surprises, in exact accordance with the phrase Money cant do you everything.throughout the ages, this world has changed and shifted until it has become the nearly unrecognizable haven it is today to nearly 6. 3 billion people, modifying and defining societies and judgements along with it. Stronger and more dominant personalities may prevail over weaker minds but the essential truth cadaver the same. You are your own person with individual opinions. So the same principle applies to the question Is Poverty still relevant today? This being a firmly subjective question, there is no real habitual truth or answer for it. Only what you think.

Economic Effects on Easyjet

Coursework Two Written report evaluating and commenting on the recent developments in monetary, financial and turn regularise insurance insurance policy in the UK and abroad and how these stupor on easyJet With the new coalition Government of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats gaining power in 2010, and al some immediately calling an speck budget, as the Conservatives promised, declaring their primordial yett is to reduce the dearth there move over been many a nonher(prenominal) switchs in monetary policy and reversal of plans by the Labour Government, there has as well as been changes in the vary station which leave behind abide appreciable impacts all over the world.Additionally the fix of England has looked to make use of monetary policy. All of the changes in the UK, and in Europe allow for fill an impact on easyJet (as easyJet only flies in Europe). The objective is to identify the changes in macro economic policies in the UK and abroad, using data and information from The Bank of England, the European important Bank, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the Budget, the easyJet corpo order report and opposite various economic sources.The Main Objectives of Government macroeconomic policy atomic number 18 sustainable economic suppuration, stable low pretentiousness, low level of unemployment, and a well-be induced position on the balance of payments. It is that last-place policy that the coalition Government has declargond most important.With the dearth growing family on year, with little sight of changing, and as such(prenominal) they cast used financial policy drastically recently as, especially the Conservatives in the coalition Government, be possessed of looked to reduce the budget deficit with across the board cuts ( beling six billion Pounds) in Government consumption, this coupled with the various tax rises are extreme dance steps which watch overm necessitated by the extreme economic times we are in. Many mean these actions bequeath contain to a double dip recess, one which it could take the UK many geezerhood to recover.The Government as well increased bathing tub on the 1st of January from 17. 5% to 20% (the highest it has ever been). Although George Osborne (speaking to the BBC on the 4th of January) thinks targeting bathtub is more progressive than increasing income tax or National Insurance many still believe VAT is a actually regressive tax, meaning it is more of a burden on those households with dismount income. This graph (compiled by the Institute for Fiscal Studies) shows how the poorest 10% forget be sum much harder than the other 90%, seeing a parting loss of net income more than double that of the richest 10%.This is be find VAT is on goods including necessities, which means a rise in VAT allow not deter sight from purchases of state goods, so VAT ordain have a wide-ranging-mouthed impact on their percentage net income. Although overall a rise in VAT wil l have comprise the richest 10% more, as their net income is considerably larger they have to cognitive content to cope better with the rise, and will cause a smaller decrease in their net income. Another rise is in fuel tax, give that all(prenominal) penny increase in fuel duty raises an extra ? 00 million for the Exchequer, it is easy to see why the chancellor is tempted to hike judge, said the foundations director, Professor Stephen Glaister. The Government have increased fuel duty by 0. 76p on petrol and diesel, and the rise in VAT will mean another equipment casualty increase. The AA estimates that these increases combined will add approximately 3. 5p to the apostrophize of a litre of both petrol and diesel. correspond to HM Tresuary budget report 2010 The most urgent task facing this country is to implement an deepen plan to reduce the deficit.Reducing the deficit is a necessary precondition for sustained economic growth. As such another part of the recent fiscal po licy changes in the UK was announced in The Budget, that universe welkin net borrowing would re important at 4 per cent of gross domestic product in tailfin years time, the structural deficit would be 2. 8 per cent of GDP by 2014-15, charm the structural flow rate deficit would be 1. 6 per cent. They also set that public sector pay would see a two year freeze, apart for those earning slight than ? 1,000 a year, this is an attempt to stop the rise in stipend for the thousands working in the public sector, which will save the Government paying more and more each year and thereby help to reduce the deficit. Yet public sector employees will be hit hard by this policy, as inflation rises their wages will not, meaning inflation will have a devastating impact on their net income as real expenses rise, and taxes are increased. This will lead to public sector employees to purchase slight, and thus hand over less chance of growth which is one of the main macroeconomic objectives. u p to now corporation tax will be reduced from 28 per cent to 24 per cent, a reduction that will be spread over the next four years from April 2011. This may encourage businesses to expand as they are paying less tax, which could lead to a decrease in unemployment (one of the particular macroeconomic objectives) The budget also released a plan to reduce the main and special rate of enceinte allowances to 18 and 8 per cent respectively in April 2012. Also swell gains tax will be increased to 28 per cent for high and additional rate taxpayers (The Budget), so the higher income households will have to pay a higher than ever before tax.The Government also intends to freeze council tax for 2011-12 by working with the local authorities, this potentional freeze on council tax will help the poorer level income earners, and could help them to take to the woods the poverty trap. An increase in tax for the higher level income earners will not only provide more money for the Government in an attempt to reduce the deficit it will also break the image of the main party in power the Conservatives whereby they are seen as more favourable to the higher level income earners in the UK.Another policy instated is, what the Treasury call, a reversal of the most damaging part of the think increase in National Insurance Contributions by instead of reducing it as Labour had planned, they are raising the threshold by ? 21 a week in April 2011. This will also decrease the burden on the poor, and thus with more available incomes they will spend more, which will be an shot into the circular flow (where the flow of payments in an economy is a circular flow, with injections and leakages, the injections being Government spending, enthronement etc, and the leakages primarily being saving).Europe was also been impacted by the recession over recent years, and their fiscal policy must try to chip its negative effects. Before the Recession, many countries in the EU had a large structur al deficit. There was an inability to meet fiscal targets, for example the political pressure against tax increases and spending cuts. One country which has particularly been affected is Greece, with the EU average debt as a % of GDP at an already staggering 78. 2%, Greeces is at 122%. They have been hampered by powerful unions which gained considerable public sector wage increases without corresponding increases in productivity.Greece has also struggled to raise taxes and decrease Government spending. The depth of the recession has worsened the Government fiscal position much more quickly than judge tax good have fallen while spending on unemployment benefits has increased dramatically. In Ireland they plan to tighten fiscal policy by more than 4% of GDP next year. that economists (Simon Tilford, Centre for European Reform, November 2010) pass whether a tightening of around 1. 5% in 2011 will derail the UKs economic recovery.Governments usually cultivate a deficit in bad times , and a surplus in good times, yet in these times of recession Germany is running a budget surplus, by making necessary wage adjustments and increases in taxes as they are performing much more strongly than expected. Although The Bank of England was nationalized in 1997 by the so Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, meaning the Government no longer had control over the Bank of England, fiscal policy will have a large impact on the economy and how monetary policy is conducted.The main(a) weapon of monetary policy is the use of interest rates. save in the UK the nucleotide rate was leave unchanged at 0. 50%in the January meeting, the 22nd month in a row. The news of an economic slump, the UK economy contracted 0. 5% in the final three months of 2010,has reignited fears of a double-diprecessionand has reduced the likeliness of an early rate rise. Yet twoof the 9 MPCmembers voted for a rise in the base rate at the January meeting, a rare split decision. However due to an inf lation rise in celestial latitude the CPI rapidly rose from 3. % to 3. 7%, chances of an early rate increase to control set pressures has raised. The Bank of England predicted in February 2010 that inflation would be at 1. 5% by the end of 2010, which is far of the actual rate of 3. 7%. The MPC must now hope that price pressures will ease so it brook adhere with low rates and avoid stagflation. However it may be out of their control global commodity prices have been, and still are, rising fast and Source tradingeconomics. com are now pushing up the embody of UK trades.The idea of increasing the base rate will encourage saving (a leakage from the circular flow) which will help to decrease spending and therefore inflation. However this could be met with a reduction in growth, or even the economy shrinking. Failing to raise the base rate would seem counter intuitive as the Government CPI target is 2% and inflation it at 3. 7%, well above the 1% band. The Bank of England decided t o employ quantative easing by pumping ? 200bn into the system in an attempt to kick-start the UKs economy.But the GDP shrunk by 0. 5% in the last quarter of 2010, so this policy does not seem to be helping growth. The MPC predicts inflation will continue to rise past 4% in the coming months which will encourage higher pay shoots and could start up a wage/price spiral, the rising expectations of inflation means people/workers expect prices to continue to rise, so they are unlikely to accept pay rises less than the expected inflation rate because they want to protect the real purchasing power of their incomes, and this pattern continues.Monetary policy is greatly restricted in Europe due to the Euro, being a member of the Euro means that private countries face limitations such as an inability to employ quantative easing or alter the base rate to affect the economy (this is one major factor in why the UK has not joined the Euro, and that the compact Government has stated that while they are in term they will not join the Euro). As such the European Central Bank (ECB) has power over setting the base rate, which since 5/7/2009 has been 1%, almost as long as the UK has been at 0. 5%.The ECB states maintaining price stability is the primary objective of the Eurosystem and of the single monetary policy for which it is responsible. This is laid down in the Treaty on the execution of the European Union, Article 127 (1). Yet prices in the Eurozone have been very unstable in the past years. However Germany has seen strong signs of improvement, but t this could actually hamper the rest of Europes growth. The CPI measure of inflation is rising at an annual rate of 2. 2%. Thats not as high as the UK, but its above the European Central Banks (ECB) target for the first time in two years.As Germany is the most important and influential economy in the Eurozone when it comes to setting monetary policy, it means the ECB will have punishing pressure to raise the base rate thi s year, regardless of how the rest of the region is performing. Which is ironic as when the euro was introduced the base rate was set to a level to suit Germanys sclerotic (rigid and unresponsive) economy that was still transaction with reunification. But the cheap money turned the strongly-expanding countries, such as Ireland and Greece, into smaller and floundering economies.The UK has operated a free vagabond exchange rate since September 1992, meaning The Bank of England has not intervened in the commercialises to influence the Pounds value. This means that the Exchange rate is purely market determined which leads to many fluctuations, just in the occlusive from August to January displayed in the graph below. A floating rate can be a tool of macroeconomic adjustment for example a depreciation in the Pound should increase the net exportation demand and therey stimulate growth.However the BoE would hope the gains from a pass up exchange rate are not turn in the inevitable hi gher wage demands or export prices. The countries inside the Euro district are hoping for a more competitive exchange rate to create an injection of demand into their struggling economies. Floating exchange rates offer a degree of adjustment, so as is the situation now a large trade deficit puts downward pressure on the exchange rate which will help the export sector and control the demand for Euros to Pound Sterling imports as they become relatively expensive.Having no exchange rate target means that short term interest rates can be set to meet domestic macroeconomic objectives such as growth or low inflation. However with a floating exchange rate there is less currency stability which can reprove Date (2010-11) Source x-rates, composed on excel trade and investment, this is one of the reasons why currencies were locked within the Euro Zone for the Euro. Any changes in the prices of imported goods and work will have adirect effecton inflation. The Euro is also a floating exchan ge rate, meaning its fluctuations in relation to the UK have considerable affects.An appreciation of the exchange rate (as there has been in January against the Euro) reduces the sterling price of imported consumer goods and durables, raw materials and capital goods. The effect of a changing currency on the prices of imported products will vary by flake of import and also theprice elasticity of demandwhich is affected by the degree of competition within specific markets. All companies will be affected by these policies, both UK and abroad, and easyJet is no exception. The current price of jet fuel is $897 a metric tonne compared with $681 a metric tonne a year agone, easyJet stated in January 2011.This increase in fuel tax and price will cost easyJet ? 1. 17 extra per than in 2010, and is expected to double the losses of the company to approximately ? 140 million, as it will for all companies in the air duct market. As for the VAT rise, easyJet have announced they may be able to s ave millions of Pounds in VAT by registering its new budget holiday company extracurricular Britain, with Lowcost Travel, expected to be in Switzerland. This means they will avoid VAT under the Tour doers Margin Scheme. This could save easyJet ? 0 million in VAT for the next three years. closely European markets saw losses or declines in January with concerns that China will raise interest rates again to slow down economic growth in Europe, and easyJet suffered alike with a fall of 16. 19 percent in the FTSE250 after they predicted heavy losses in the first half of 2011. easyJet announced in January 2011 that it, as all other airlines, was hit by the severe weather in Europe in celestial latitude 2010 and strike action by French air traffic controllers, coupled together this cost easyJet ? 31 million,. asyJet is also set to close its cut services at Luton Airport by a fifth (which sees 5 million passengers each year) with a view to transferring them to profitable bases in contine ntal Europe. The airline also initially price flights from European destinations in Euros, but customers can choose an alternative price in sterling. However, the price in sterling is set at a lower rate, this is because easyJet decided not to use the Mastercard or Visa rates that the most retailers use, and instead set the interest rate themselves at a much lower level.Generally the difference between the actual exchange rate and what easyJet offer can be anywhere between 2% and 6%. This generates a lot more income for easyJet by exploiting the exchange rate at the right time, yet it can been seen as a hidden cost, which would not sham easyJets customers, and in the long run could actually lose them customers. Elasticity of demand measures how a change of the quantity demanded is affected by an income or price of another good change.As the airline market demand is elastic businesses must be careful with changing prices and must be sure that by change magnitude their prices they are still able to increase their market share. easyJet have achieved this, by coming in with very low prices and gaining market share. Another problem facing easyJet is that passenger duty tax increased from ? 10 to ? 11 in November 2010, which again cost easyJet millions. However, despite these setbacks, the airline said revenue in the final three months of 2010 was up 7. 5% to ? 54 million compared with the same period a year ago. easyJet announced in November 2010 that profits have been boosted by a rise in passenger volumes and the stem said it will pay its first ever dividend in 2012, the airlines chief executive, Carolyn McCall, said We therefore intend to commence the payment of an annual dividend based on a dividend cover of five times. The airline said passenger numbers grew 8% in the full-year to the end of September to 49 million, while profits totalled ? 154 million in the period against ? 55 million a year earlier. asyJets have continued to strengthen with market sha re gains across Europe particularly London Gatwick, Paris Orly (easyJet grew capacity by 22% in France in 2010) and CDG and Geneva (easyJet corporate reports, January 2011). Additionally in response to growth in Germany, easyJet carried on refocusing its offering, and increased capacity on key business routes out of Berlin. The total fleet plan over the period to 30 September 2013 is as follows easyJet A320 family Boeing 737-700 GB Airways A320 family5 Total aircraft5 At 30 September 2010 182 8 6 196 At 30 September 2011 202 2 204At 30 September 2012 214 214 At 30 September 2013 218 2 220 Note 5 Four ex-GB Airways A321 aircraft exited the fleet in November 2010. Source easyJet corporate reports, Jan 2011 By eliminating the Boeing and ex-GB Airways sub-fleets it will reduce be by simplify operations. easyJet plan to bump off this by 2012 and they project cost savings of around ? 30 million each year. They are also set to work with the EU on consumer rules to make sure that the y have the right balance between the benefits that low costs brings to consumers over its costs to the industry.The air traffic control strike in 2010 was caused by the economic pressures facing Europe and union concerns about the Single European Sky programme, and easyJet expect pause to continue in 2011 and will press for measures to be put in place that alleviate the impact of these strikes and push for faster reform. (easyJet corporate reports). There has recently been a saturation in the European and UK airline market. Competitors have mimicked easyJets strategy and have introduced competitive brands with analogous price strategies that have increased competition, and diminish market share.The airline market is best classified as having a monopolistic competition market structure, whereby there are many firms will similar, yet differentiated services. Some companies have contrasting services easyJet and British Airways for example, one with a strategy to keep costs as low a s realizable by stripping out almost all non-essentials of air travel (ranges in class etc) and one, BA which offers a higher level of service with a higher cost. It also has many business with similar plans and ideas easyJet and Ryanair for example.The Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), which measures the degree of competition in one market for the airline market, and is 0. 070210776 (see attached excel text file for details). This means that the market is unconcentrated this indicates that the market is unlikely to have adverse competitive effects, as no companies have a monopoly power. In conclusion, the fiscal policy employed by the coalition Government will have long reaching affects across the economy, including the airline market.It will also have drastic affects on the population, with many tax rises VAT and fuel in particular, which will reduce the level of net income for all households. However the rise in the National Insurance threshold will be very positive for the low er income households. As for businesses, the reduction in corporation tax over the next four years will be a welcome policy, yet almost all companies will be affected by the rise in fuel tax, particularly the transport market easyJet.The Bank of England will soon have to look further into raising the base rate, the historically low level of 0. 5% will not help any savers (although it helps those with large mortgages, loans etc. ), and when they decide to raise the rate it can help combat the continually increasing level of inflation. The exchange rate is left as a free-floating, which it will be for the foreseeable future. This is like almost all countries, so the market controls currencies, which will periodically rise and fall, and administer with the level of imports and exports and their competitiveness. asyJet will undoubtedly suffer great losses due to the fuel rises, which are expected to continue to rise as oil becomes a more scarce resource the supply fall which will in crease the price. They have plans to deal with VAT, and are looking to cut any unnecessary costs across the board to cope with these rises. The further strikes planned by the ATC for 2011 will again cost easyJet millions, but they believe they will be better equipped to deal with these problems.Any unpredictable, or problems outside their control, snowfall of December and the Icelandic volcanic ash clouds will also cause considerable losses, yet there competitors (and imitators) will see similar losses so it will be highly unlikely that easyJet become less competitive as the airline market continues to combat numerous problems. References Financemarkets. com HM Treasury Budget The European Central Bank website The Bank of England website The easyJet annual, and corporate reports Tutor2u The Institute for Fiscal Studies tradingeconomics. com x-rates. com The Economist