Dabhol power plant: Stakeholder management

Dabhol pr extend show Stakeholder vigilanceEffective Stakeholder Management in a Project environmentStakeholders atomic number 18 those individuals, corporations, public, and g overnment bodies etc. which ar today affected by the consequent of a sick. In upstart quantify it has been seen in India that m both juttings drive home failed or delayed due to escape of pay off stakeholder management. s airyly of the major bears which clear failed or delayed be Dabhol force Project, Tatas Nano Project in West Bengal, corporate trust Dadri Project in UP and many more than. These watchs failed in the planning phase itself. In the Dabhol federal agency check eldestly the stakeholders were non identified in an efficient focal point and then communion divers(a) stakeholders was lacking. Stakeholder Management is a address which is perpetual in nature and spans finished the life pass of the send off. Stakeholders in a typical project beau monde(special purp ose vehicle ) rump be nonice through various proficiencys the resemblings of brainstorming, Delphi technique, etc and various opposite techniques alto engenderherow ind in this report. The next speculative thing in stakeholder management is doing a stakeholder comp remove through which we lead be sufficient to draw a straits map out of the stake holder in addition we would be able to govern the stakeholder according to their influencing power on the project. Next we draw a discourse plan for the stakeholders, this will hold sheath of medium, frequency, format of communion. discourse has emerged as sensation of the major factor affecting a projects outcome, appeal and metre. The draw below shows a general framework of stakeholder management In this blither report we befuddle taken a study of ultra mega power plant (UMPP), which atomic number 18 under construction and be in various stages of completion. basal mega power plants will devote an inst anyed c apacity of 4000 MW. UMPP polity was uncover by the Minis try out of power through Electricity Act, 2003. The regime envisages power for totally by 2012, which means an summation of 100000 MW to the installed capacity at the end of 10th plan. In the 10th plan India missed the tar start uped capacity addition by approximately half of the broad(a) to be added. personnel finance alliance (PFC) has been assigned the task of cr sire pentadr special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Of the pentad localizes identified initially for UMPP, quaternion have been already accorded up boulder clay now.ObjectiveTo find a method of operateling time and cost over runs using a better stakeholders management techniques through the planning, murder and closing stages of a UMPP project.MethodologyThe dissertation report is base on applied research. Various reports of inter content consultancies have been cited in this dissertation report. entropy have been collected from infraline , primaeva l Electricity Authority (CEA) websites. A lucubrate study has been through on stark naked trends in stakeholder management.INDIAN force SECTORTo write pages and pages of guess on the power scenario in India would non be an effective way to conduct the current bothers faced by this sector. The statistics fall inn below contribute the bounce more effectively communicate the sentience of urgency that this sector demands.A study conducted by the Manufactures Association for randomness Technology (MAIT) and Emerson Network Power (India) offends that in 2008-2009 power outages both plan and non-scheduled accounted for to the highest degree Rs 43205 Crore losses to Indian Inc. This amount was Rs 22000 Crore in the category 2003.regulatory FRAMEWORK IN POWER SECTORIn India, crack over the development of the power industry is sectiond amid the Central and the affirm governments. The Ministry of Power is the highest authority governing the power industry in India. The C EA, a statutory governing body constituted under the Electricity Supply Act, is the skilful branch of the Ministry of Power assisting in technical, financial and economic matters relating to the electricity industry. The CEA is liable for giving concurrence to schemes involving capital disbursal beyond a sure limit as fixed by the government from time to time, and it is as well as obligated for the development of a intemperate, adequate and uniform power insurance policy in relation to the control and utilization of national power resources. The Central Electricity regulatory Commission constituted under the Electricity restrictive Commissions Act1998 is an independent statutory body with quasi-judicial powers. Its main functions include the formulation of policy and the framing of guidelines with regard to electricity obligations. Several pronounces have delimit up rural bea Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) and others be in the process of orbit them up. The SERCs are booked in regulating the purchase, distri stillion, fork out and utilization of electricity, tariff and charges payable, as rise up as the quality of service. give in brasss have set up State Electricity Boards at the State level, which are responsible for ensuring that the supply, transmittance and distri neerthelession of electricity in much(prenominal) states is d adept in the most economical and efficient manner. These State Electricity Boards are seatulate to coordinate with power generating companies, as well as the government entities that control the relevant power grids. Some States have amalgamated their respective State Electricity Boards to form Regional Electricity Boards, to ensure that the electricity supply, transmission and distribution policies are consistently applied. Private sector companies operating in the electricity supply, transmission and distribution industry report to the Ministry of Power, as well as their respective State Electr icity Boards and their State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs)There is a great difference between the supply and demand of electric power in India. According to CEA periodic report in January2010 the peak deficit was 12.2 % i.e. 112029 MW. A KPMG1 report sites that per capita outlay of electricity is 700 units inIndia, 1800 units in China and 15000 units in USA man the cosmea average is 2300 units. Therefore to bridge this deficit and raise per capita consumption, the government came out with reforms through electricity act, 2003. Ultra Mega Power Projects are diverge of these reforms, in which power plants with an installed capacity of 4000 MW, with an estimated cost of Rs 16000 Crore, will be constructed cross slipway the country. The nodal agency for UMPP program will be Power pay Corporation (PFC). Nine sites have been selected for construction of UMPP. Five sites are coastal sites, p isthmus four are pithead sites. PFC has set up separ ate special Purpose vehicles(SPVs) for individually of the nine UMPPs identified so far as to act as authorized representatives of the procurers. The SPVs have been named subsequently the name of the site. solely the 9 SPVs are wholly professed subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation special(a). Akaltara Power Limited is renamed as Chhattisgarh Surguja Power Ltd (CSPL).The main features of the Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) are-The UMPP would enjoyment Super Critical Technology with the trip up to achieve high levels of fuel efficiency, which results in saving of fuel and begin green-ho handling gas emissions.Flexibility in unit size subject to bankers acceptance of specified minimum supercritical parameters.Integrated power projects with dedicated unfree ember blocks for pithead projects.Coastal Project to purpose imported blacken.Role of Ministry of Power (MoP)-Coordination with Central Ministries/Agencies to make sure-Coal Block al mussment/coal LinkageEnvironment /Forest ClearancesWater LinkagesRequired support from State Governments and their agenciesWorking out allocation of power to different states from UMPPs consultation with the states.Facilitating PPA and proper payment of shelter mechanism with State Governments/State Utilities.Monitoring the fall out of shell companies with respect to predetermined timelines.Role of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)Appointment of consultants to undertake planning of Project Report, preparation of rapid Environment Impact Assessment.Appointment of Consultants for International Competitive control (ICB), document preparation evaluation.To finalise RFQ/RFP documents in consultation with states / bidders.To ravish out RFQ/RFP process and award of projects.Acquisition of land for the project.Obtaining coal blocks for pit-head projects.Getting clearances regarding allocation of wet by the state Govt. for pit head locations.Approvals for use of sea water from nautical Board/ other Govt. Agencies for coas tal locations.Obtain clearances from state pollution control boards, initiate forest clearances etc. as required for the project and for the coal mines, followed by environment and forest clearances from the central government.Obtaining geological reports / other link up data from CMPDI for the coal blocks.Tie up the off take/ cut-rate sale of power.Role of StatesRehabilitation Resettlement PlanLand OwnersGive authorization to the PFC/SPV to carry out the bidding process on behalf of the distribution utilities.Facilitate signing of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)Ensure proper payment security mechanism with the distribution utilities.Sasan Power LtdSasan is situated in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is the fiftieth district of the state, Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is turn inn as the Energy Capital of India. It has the 10 % of the total installed capacity of India. The district likewise has bighearted deposits of coal in c ache coal fields. River Rihand has a dam on it known as Govind Vallabh buckle Sagar Dam. Thus Singrauli provides fine conditions for thermal power generation.Sasan UMPP is a pit head- ground thermal power project with an aggregate capacity of 3,960MW (6660 MW) using supercritical technology. The project also involves development of captive coal blocks, viz Moher, Moher-Amlohri Ex stress and Chhattrasal at the Singrauli coalfields to have the coal requirements of the power project. *. Thus fuel peril is organism managed by the SPV on its own. Therefore risk of fuel deficit is minimised, giving a overconfident impact on the project. The location of the project itself reduces many risks like availability of fuel and water. Both coal mines and a reservoir are available in the vicinity. On other hand the area is little densely populated indeed problem of land acquisition automatically got resolved.The tender ProcessSasan UMPP was awarded through a two stage private-enterprise(a) bidding process. Lanco infrate ch and Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd ( a Singapore found firm) were stated winners after they quoted the lowest bid for the project of Rs 1.196 / Kw, in dec2006. In Feb2007 Globeleq Ltd, Bermuda, parent company of Globeleq Singapore, sold its Singapore business arm to Jindal Steel and Power Ltd and Lanco infratechs, Mauritius establish holding company. This move was challenged by the rival bidders in the court. The government declared the bid of Lanco Infratech ltd -Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd. as invalid. A week later trustfulness Energy submitted a fresh bid of Rs 1.19/ Kw. Consequently the project was awarded to a consortium Reliance Infra Ltd. this consortium consists of Reliance Infra Projects UK Ltd (RIPUL), an tie in of REL Infra.Sasan Power Ltd. (SPL) had invited bids on behalf of state electricity boards/ electricity distribution companies/ state electricity utilities of Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh on 31st Mar2006.Technical Requirement for the bidders- Should have go across of developing projects ( non necessarily power projects) in the function 10 longsighted time whose aggregate capital cost mustiness not be slight than Rs. 3000 Crores. Out of these projects , the capital cost of at least nonpareil project should be equivalent to Rs. 500 Crores. For the purpose capital expenditure on the projects that have been completed at least 7 old age before the RFQ submission date shall be considered. Lead member shall be the company having at least 26% stake in the Bidding Consortium.Financial Requirement for the bidders- Internal resource generation equal to atleast Rs. 1200 Cores or equivalent US$ computed as cumulative internecine resources generated during last five years business operations, networth of Rs. 1000 Crore or equivalent US$ based on any of the past three years hotshot-year accounts and annual turnover of Rs. 2400 Crores or equivalent US$ based on any of the past thr ee years annual accounts. The financial requirements of separately extremity in Bidding Consortium shall be combined in harmonize to the investment commitment by each of them.Enclosures with the bid proposal- top LetterJoint Deed Agreement between Members in Bidding Consortium.Letter of consent from all Members in Bidding Consortium.Board Resolution.Initialling of all pages of Bid by authorized signatory.Executive Summary.Last five year annual Accounts of Bidding Company or each of the Member in case of a Bidding Consortium.Reliance Infra Ltd.Reliance Infra Ltd. is the flagship company of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG). The company develops and operates power plants both domestically and internationally. The company on its own and through subsidiaries is currently developing 13 medium and large sized power projects with a combined plan installed capacity of 28,200 MW, integrity of the largest portfolios of power generation assets under development in India. 13 power project s are plan to be diverse in geographic location, fuel type, fuel source and off-take, and each project is planned to be strategically located closelipped an available fuel supply or load center. The identified project sites are located in western India (12,220 MW), northern India (9,080 MW) and north-eastern India (2,900 MW) and southern India (4,000 MW). They include six coal-fired projects (14,620 MW) to be furnish by reserves from captive mines and supplies from India and abroad, two gas-fired projects (10,280 MW) to be fuelled primarily by reserves from the Krishna graven imageavari Basin (the KG Basin) off the east coast of India, and four hydroelectric projects (3,300 MW), three of them in Arunachal Pradesh and one in Uttarakhand. Reliance Power has acquired the two ultra mega power projects of 4,000 MW each at Sasan in Madhya Pradesh and Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. The 7,480 MW project to be located at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh is expected to be the largest gas-fired po wer project at a single location in the world. The power generated by these projects is to be sold under a confederacy of long-term and pathetic-term PPAs to state-owned and private distribution companies and industrial consumers.Reliance Power limitedtoday has total generating capacity of 941 megawatts from five different plants located in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Goa, of which the Dahanu plant (Maharashtra) is the largest with 500 megawatts. Reliance Power is currently pursuing several gas, coal, pervert and hydro-based power generation projects in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal with aggregate capacity of over 12,500 MW. These projects are at various stages of development.5,600 MW Project (Phase I) at Dhirubhai Ambani Energy City (DAEC), Dadri in Uttar Pradesh4,000 MW Power Project at Shahapur in Maharashtra280 MW Urthing Sobla Hydro Power Project in Uttaranchal700 MW Hydro Power Project at Tato II and 1,000 MW Hydro Pow er Project at Siyom, both in Arunachal PradeshThe 941 MW Generation capacity of the Reliance Power comes from five projectsDahanu TPS the 2250 MW multi fuel based thermal power mail at Dahanu near Mumbai.BSES Andhra Power Limited The 220 MW combined cycle power plant at Samalkot in Andhra Pradesh.BSES Kerala Limited The 165 MW combined cycle power station at Kochi, Kerala.Goa Power Station The 48 MW naptha based combined cycle power plant at GoaC giberadurga wind farm The 8 MW flex Farm Project at Jogimatti in the district of Chitradurga in Karnataka.Reliance Infra Ltd is also in the distribution and the transmission business. Reliance is already hold blankets a distribution network in Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Delhi, with the name BSES (BOMBAY SUBURBAN electrical energy SUPPLY). Its transmission business is with the business arm, Reliance Power Transmission Limited (RPTL).Chapter 3 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENTStakeholder has specific raise in the project outcome or in the initial s tages of project planning, implementation and closing. If the stakeholder interest is not managed efficiently the project whitethorn puff delayed or it may fail. We house assign that with stakeholder management we are actually managing various risk associated with the project. Thus for efficient risk management, the project bus should have efficacious knowledge about the stakeholders interests, power and regularize, to achieve this, one has to identify and give the gatevas the stakeholders.Almost any person or organization with an interest in a project posterior be termed a stakeholder.The type and interest of a stakeholder are of great importance to a project bus sincethey enable him or her to use these to the greatest benefit of the project. The process of listing, classifying and assessing the influence of these stakeholders is termed stakeholder abstract. Stakeholders basin be divided into two main groupingsDirect (or primary) stakeholder validatory (or secondary) stakeholderDirect stakeholderThis group is made up, as the name implies, of all those at one time associated or elusive in theplanning, administration or execution of the project. These include the client, project sponsor,project manager, members of the project team, technical and financial services providers,internal or external consultants, material and equipment suppliers, site personnel, contractorsand subcontractors as well as end users. In other words, stack or organizations directly involved in all or some of the various phases of the project.Indirect stakeholdersThis group covers all those indirectly associated with the project such(prenominal) as internal managersof the organization and support staff not directly involved in the project including the HRdepartment, accounts department, secretariat, senior management levels not directly responsible for the project, and last but not least the families of the project manager and team members. A sub-section of indirect stake holders are those representing the regulatory authorities such as national and local government, public utilities, licensing and inspecting organizations, technical institutions, professional bodies, and own(prenominal) interest groups such as stockholders, labour unions and pressure groups. Each of these groups bed contain incontrovertible stakeholders who support the aims and inclinationives of the projectNegative stakeholders who do not support the project and do not wish it to proceed.Direct stakeholders mainly consist of positive stakeholders as they are the ones concernedwith the design and implementation of the project with the object of completing it within thespecified parameters of time, cost and quality/performance. They at that placefore include the sponsor, project manager and the project design, construction/installation teams. This group could also have negative stakeholders such as employees of the end user, who would prefer to halt the existing facility because the new installation might result in relocation or take down redundancyWe rout out divide the stakeholders based on various project requirements. The stakeholders a project areGovernment-Central-State Governments, Government Organisations, RegulatorFinance-Banks, Financial InstitutionsConcessionaire-Project Manager, Project Team MembersCon sessionee-Government OrganisationsTechnology-Suppliers, Technology ownersEnvironment Government Ministry, International WatchdogLand-Land ownersWater-Ministry of Water ResourcesFuel-Coal MinistryStakeholders in a BusinessA successful business origin identifies its key stakeholders and identifies their shoots. A company can accomplish its stakeholder goals manifestly by managing and linking work processes. High-performance companies are more and more focussing on the need to manage core business process such as new product development. They are reengineering the work flows and construct cross functional teams responsible for each process. For a business the stakeholders may be as questImportance of Stakeholders Management aright stakeholders can influence the project in a big wayPowerful stakeholders can help the project in securing important resources.Experienced stakeholders can guide the project managers during tough times.Communicating with the stakeholders previous(predicate) and ofttimes can make the stakeholders understand the benefits of the outcome of the project.It charters to understanding the reactions of the stakeholders during the progress of the project and thus the project manager can do the needful changes if required in the project.Stakeholder Analysis processStakeholder IdentificationThe first step in stakeholder analysis is the acknowledgment of the key stakeholders. When the project manager departs identifying project stakeholders , he should do an organised study by giving the projects geographic sphere of influence of influence. here(predicate) consider not only the main project site, b ut also the related project facilities, like the road to the site, cumulative affect of the project outcome or unplanned but predictable developments. Using this type of analysis to determine the projects area of influence and finding out that who all may be affected in this manner. This process will reveal those stakeholders, who are directly influenced by the project, may be by use of land , or by the effect to the nearby environment or by the process of new problem creation. One of the techniques used for stakeholder identification is impact zoningImpact Zoning By mapping the sphere of influence of different types of environmental and social impacts, the project company can begin to identify distinct groups by impact area, and from this prioritize stakeholders for consultation. go in Impact ZoningDraw a sketch map of the key design elements of the project, both on and off site, that may give rise to local environmental or social impacts (e.g., the project site ancillary infrastr ucture such as roads, power lines, and canals sources of air, water, and land pollution). unwrap the large impact zones for each of the elementsNext over lay , the large stakeholder groups, over the impact zones.Through consultation with relevant stakeholder representatives, verify which groups are potentially affected by which impacts. This exercise may be performed more efficiently by using aerial photographs.The other common technique of stakeholder identification is brainstormingChapter 4COMMUNICATIONOne of the largest contributing factors for project failure or delay is lack of proper conference with the stakeholders. When intercourse is limited to periodic reports stakeholders, can be in dark as to when the project begins to slip. It may slip to a point, from where it is in truth difficult to be cured _or_ healed the project. The remedy is consistent, frequent and candid intercourse. The project manager uses plans, agreements and place reports to communicate with the stak eholders and manage their expectations. In addition, as with e actuallything on a project, a hard plan improves the probability of success. Ein truth project should have a communication plan, a indite strategy for getting the right nurture to the right people at the right time. The stakeholders identified in the SOW and responsibleness matrix are the audience for most project communication. info managementIn todays world, where there are ample mediums for communication, there is no shortage of cultivation but kinda there is abundance of entropy, which the stakeholder is not able to handle in the right way.Data and InformationInformation is unendingly tied to the purpose of the stakeholder. Information is based on data, which is useful only when it is organised in a meaningful manner. It is the responsibility of the project manager to provide information to the stakeholder in a manner which is useful to them. Information can be classified as i) Relevant Information ii) utili se Information iii) Cassandra Information.Therefore it is important to feed the right amount of information which can be used by the stakeholders. Otherwise it would lead to change magnitude go pasting, increased confusion and consequently time delay in project completion.Guidelines to make a communication planUse precise short status reports obese reports are overwhelming for a busy audience. get what should go into the status report, by inter apparent horizoning the stakeholders what they wish. Different stakeholders may want reports on different aspects of the project.Have an escalation procedure these are the procedure to elevate problem to senior management.Make the information timely Executive sponsors may want reports less frequently than your immediate manager.Make sure regular status touch onings are included in the plan Many stakeholders may require meetings on project status as and when needed, i.e. only when there is big level(p)t or problem. By including schedule meetings in the communication plan, customers and higher level managers are agreeing to be more informed about the project- which avoids hot surprises in the project.Be consistent with other projects As much as possible, your project documentation should have the corresponding matter and content as other projects in your organisation. If there are standards, use them. If not, find secure examples from unattackable examples from other projects which have same stakeholders.Use multiple conduct of communication websites, newsletters, and project bulletin boards can be used to post information of interest to all stakeholders. These communication mediums complement status reports because they can provide a wider scope of information. Finally, realize what you say in the write report may come across differently when you present it verbally, so consciously include face to face meetings in your communication plan.Communication MediumChoosing the right kind of medium for the right ki nd of stakeholders is over again an area to be looked into. A communication medium should have the following reputationisticIt should be easily accessible.It should be fast.It should be recoverable later at anytimeIt should be cost effective.It should be easy to use.There are many communication mediums available today. It depends on the project manager to use which kind of medium to communicate to a particular stakeholder. Below there is alist of mediums availableE-mail the use of electronic mail waits to be extensive. Some contend that electronic mail is an overused (and sometimes contraryly used) medium. It is certainly convenient to use for most of the people. And it straines widely dispersed and distant recipients quickly, although there is no plight that the recipient will read the inwardness immediately. It automatically provides the record for the sender and the receiver. Also as it is with other written messages, email messages are also subject to misinterpretation. With the ease, by which email messages can be forwarded, one should be frightful about what one write in the email. Overall email is a convenient medium of communication.Telephone Calling someone on the telephone can be an immediate interactive method of communication, without creating a permanent, written record. Phone conversation suspends you to hear voice inflections, although obviously you cannot view body language. Although an upbeat phone call is considered warmer than a written note, it doesnt have the same effect as a personal chew out or any other face-to-face interaction. Unanticipated phone calls are subject to the same shortcomings or advantages of impromptu communications.Voice Mail When people dont answer their phone, you can often rely on voice mail. This may create issues for you, if youre not careful. When you place a call, youre often expecting a dialogue. If youre forced to use voice mail, you must immediately convert your message to a monologue, which doesnt always come out sounding as youd like it the message can become awkward or confusing for the recipient. And, as with e-mail, theres no guarantee that the message will be received in a timely manner.Handwritten Notes Probably the most inlump of the all communication modes are the handwritten notes. Short hand written notes are an excellent way to provide positive recognition. Although they take very little effort, they extract the personal touch much more than the verbal approaches or testicle memos or emails. The drawback of these kind of notes is that they are geographically limited.Printed and Mailed Memos and letters with the approaching of email, memos and letters are now generally reserved for more formal or official communication. They are slow and one sided, but good when formal signatures are required and a permanent record is dispositiond. Hence, printed, mail-clad memos and letters are still used in contractual transactions. shake upual Visits A visit is simply an i nformal and personal way to maintain a communication link with a stakeholder. Although you may not be carrying any important message, an informal visit can often lead to a more valuable or productive communication session than you might have expected from a formal communication. Informal visits are also appropriate when confidential, personal, or sensitive subjects need to be covered. schematic Presentations Formal Presentations are often used in situations where the distribution of information may be enhanced by an explanation or the information is too complex for written documentation. Formal presentations are often done in a group setting, thus ensuring that everyone gets the same level of understanding. They allow for impressive graphical displays of information, but often require a lot of preparation. Theyre effective when youre seek to promote understanding, enlist support, or expedite a decision (e.g., management approval to proceed). except, formal presentations can be cha llenging or risky, as you rarely have control over the ideal session. And, if poorly done, they may do more harm than good.Communication through Project Management Software This method of communication is unique. This is a new fWhen nark Met offer Analysis of CommunicationWhen enkindle Met go Analysis of CommunicationWhen raise Met offer and Children of a Lesser GodWhen encrust Met crack (1989) is a romantic comedy that breaks out of the norm of the genre with some very real messages about interpersonal communication between both genders and how we handle different situations differently. According to IMDB the plot of the exposure goes in 1977, kindle Burns (Billy Crystal) and cracking Albright (Meg Ryan) graduate from the University of Chicago and share the drive to New York City, where Sally is set out journalism school and harass is starting a career. Harry is dating a friend of Sallys, Amanda (Michelle Nicastro). During the drive, they wrangle their differing idea s about kinships between men and women. Harry says that Men and women cant be friends because the sex part always gets in the way. Sally disagrees, claiming that men and women can be strictly friends without sex. During a stop in a diner, Sally is angered when Harry tells her she is attractive she accuses him of making a pass at her. In New York, they part on unfriendly terms.Five years later, Harry and Sally find themselves on the same flight. Sally has fair(a) started dating a man named Joe (Steven Ford) who is a neighbor of Harrys and Harry is engaged to a charr named Helen, which surprises Sally. Harry suggests they become friends, forcing him to qualify his previous recover about the impossibility of male-female friendships. Despite Harrys suggestions of exceptions to that rule, they separate, concluding that they will not be friends.Harry and Sally run into each other again in a bookstore five years later. They have coffee and chew out about their previous relationship s Sally and Joe broke up because she wanted a family and he did not want to marry, and Harrys relationship ended when Helen fell in love with another man. They take a walk and decide to be friends. They have late-night phone conversations, go to dinner, and spend time together. Their dating experiences with others continue to inform their differing approaches to relationships and sex.During a New long time Eve caller, Harry and Sally find themselves attracted to each other. Though they remain friends, they set each other up with their respective best friends, Marie (Carrie Fisher) and Jess (Bruno Kirby). When the four go to a restaurant, Marie and Jess hit it off they later become engaged. One night, over the phone, Sally tearfully tells Harry that her ex is getting married. He rushes to her apartment to comfort her, and they by luck have sex, resulting in an awkward moment the next morning as Harry leaves in a state of distress. This creates accent in their relationship. Their fr iendship cools for three weeks until the two have a alter descent during Jess and Maries espousals dinner. Following this fight, Harry repeatedly attempts to mend his friendship with Sally, but she receives that they cannot be friends after what happened.At a New Years Eve party that year, Sally feels alone without Harry by her side. Harry spends New Years alone, walking around the city. As Sally decides to leave the party early, Harry appears and declares his love for her. At first, she argues that the only reason he is there is because he is lonely, but he disagrees and lists the many things he realized he loves about her. They make up and kiss and marry three months later.Harry and Sally communicate in very different ways which is evident from the beginning of their journey to New York. Right from the beginning of their journey, Harry and Sally start to try and get to know each other on their long drive. Sally is obviously a more positive, upbeat and impolite individual. She maintains this character throughout most of the film during her communications with her friends and with Harry. Her openness with others is very in line with how we view feminine communication. Harry, on the other hand, comes across more like a typical male. He is more closed off, waits apart(p) when he chats about things that should be more wound up, and tries to make light when conversations turn more serious. He also focuses a lot on the more sexual aspect of his relationships than in truly developing emotional attachments. Sally come backs of Harry as rude and insensitive while Harry conceives she is obsessive and very naive. When they try to talk to each other, he makes dear about everything into a debate, doing report talk instead of rapport talk. He always has to have the last word and isnt afraid to crack jokes and but ask questions. After bumping into his ex wife, Harry gets frustrated and yells about the difficulties of split up while at Jess and Maries apartmen t. He then leaves the apartment, and Sally has to approach him to talk about it. When Sally learns that her ex boyfriend is getting married, she reacts with sadness instead of anger and calls Harry to talk about it. Differences can also be seen after Harry and Sally sleep together. The morning after, Sally is smart and approachable while Harry is uncomfortable and distant. This is because usually for women, intimacy leads to sex and for men, sex leads to intimacy. As the movie goes on, the two start to become friends after each little meet up they have and they no thirster resent each other like they did all those years ago. Harry opens up about Helen while Sally keeps the details about Joe to herself until the very end. Their communication skills cross due to Harry and Sally both talk to each other on the phone before going to bed. They even do activities together such as shopping or eating out together. By the end of the film, Harry is more descriptive when he talks to Sally s uch as why he enjoys organism with and around her.Interpersonal communication is seen throughout this film which is defined as interacting with others over the phone and face-to-face to build a relationship. Harry and Sally absolutely experience a relationship of this type. Harry and Sally really start exchanging feelings and personal things to each other after their first get together. Sally learns about Helen and Harry about Joe. They connect and decide to be friends and hang out and talk more often. They try to help each other get dates which leads to the double date with Jess and Marie. They spend a lot of time going out to eat, shopping together, and talking on the phone. They care about how the other is feeling and desire to keep the other intelligent. Their relationship became one of interpersonal communication after they learned of each others recent heartbreak. They were both going through the same thing and wanted to spend more time with someone they could relate with.3. Does S have a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with H? Is this appropriate/inappropriate for the relationship? Is this nevertheless a elan of communicating? Is it gender based? Explain.I believe that Sally does feel the need to disclose herself during her early encounters with Harry. She seems easily goaded into divulging intimate details about her life. I dont suppose that it was necessarily appropriate or not, dear her reaction to Harrys behavior and communication style. Perhaps it tattles of the feminine pressure to please others with whom we communicate withSally feels a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with Harry because he is making assumptions about her. When he says that she hasnt had good sex yet she feels a need to tell him that she has had plenty of good sex. This is inappropriate for the relationship because they have just met each other and Harry is dating Sallys friend. I mobilise this style of communicating is gender based becaus e men tend to disclose less in relationships, so the conversation is focused mostly on Sallys life.Since Harry and Sallys first meeting was off to say the least, the two seemed very ill-sorted at the very beginning. Harry seemed very rude and blunt when petition such personal questions while Sally was very naive and unbroken to herself about such personal questions such as Harry communicate her about having lots of good sex. With their two personalities clashing at virtually all times, it was hard to hold a conversation that didnt end up as a debate or small argument. Hence when Harry told Sally that she was good looking. To Sally it was inappropriate because Harry was dating one of her friends at that time. I feel it was harmless to say the least, but I can understand both sides and why Sally didnt want him to say that she was attractive. Especially when Harry keeps insisting that a man and a woman cant be friends. Which is another reason why I think the two of them always see med to debate and argue. So Harry could keep his point.CLG1. From their very first meeting, there was obvious dialectical tension between Sarah and throng. She cosmos a former deaf student and crowd being a transferred teacher to help teach deaf students to speak. Since Sarah had a tough time growing up with her sisters friends making fun of her, she was afraid to speak and dogged that she would surround herself in her own little world of keep mum. If no one could communicate with her through her world, she wouldnt make an effort to do the same. She was completely happy with this world she created herselfuntil she met crowd together. He was determined to get to know her, intrigued immediately by her vow of silence and the way she refused to let anyone get close to her. Including her return he later finds out. They agree to try and get to know one another, both seeming interested in each others world. After simply their first dance together, you can see an obvious longing in th e way Sarah seems to melt in piles embrace. Her happiness in her silence is a lie. Though shes still afraid of the unknown world jam is providing for her. When he suggests she move in and let him take care of her, she panics her deafness being her own personal shield to the outside world. Sarah even says that no one can understand her when crowd asks what she can hear. In the end, they agree to meet in the middle, not having a complete world of silence or vocally speaking. This dialectical tension connecting them in the end.2. The pool for Sarah is her own personal haven. Underwater, youre completely underwater and cant hear a thing. Also, considering she swam naked, she is completely open and comfortable. She feels one with the pool because in the water, you dont have to speak. Underwater, everything is still. Its that silence she craves such as her job as a janitor. Sarah feels safe and herself in the pool. So when crowd falls into the pool after her, he enters her domain. T hat was her way of seeing he actually cares about her that he would enter her safe haven, fully clothed, just to be with her and understand her sense of ease and stillness she loves so much. pile also enters the pool again during their separation by himself, staying under the water and even impinge oning out towards where Sarah was before. The pool is the way throng can connect with how Sarah hears and sees the world.3. The social deepen theory states why people are drawn to each other through substantial benefits. For example, when pile first sees Sarah, he is drawn in by her stubbornness and not to summons her beauty. He wants to teach her to speak and is so desperate in at any rate to get her to conform. He makes a promise that she doesnt have to ever speak, but breaks it during a heated moment. He apologizes for it and I think that stayed with Sarah for a while. She unbroken backing away while he kept pressing forward. Eventually, during an argument Sarah finally speaks, letting him hear how awful she sounds when shes screaming that shes a repel before running out on him. Their relationship is very back and forth, fitting the social fill in theory to a T.4. The social sharpness theory is quite obvious the totality of the film. Right from the get go, Sarah makes it almost impossible for throng to even hold a conversation with him she unceasingly walks away, sits when he stands up, and outright ignores him. When they finally start to talk its very basic. They talk about school, work, etc. They dont talk about deeper topics until much later. After James meets Sarahs mother and talks about her past, theres a breakthrough. Sarah finally opens up a little to let him know about why she never speaks. They However by the end of the film, they both agree they need to still be their separate selves but meet somewhere in the middle. She take ons that she doesnt want to be without him and that she even loves him. And thats a huge step for Sarah. The uncert ainty reduction states that each person in a relationship wants and needfully certainty. James gives Sarah that when he makes a promise that he wont ask her to speak. However, as I stated before, he asks her to say his name in a heated moment and breaks that certainty for Sarah. Lastly, the existential theory takes place throughout the entirety of the film from Sarahs perspective. She had grown up without anyone listening to her or even trying to understand her. She was made fun of for trying to be normal as a child by trying to talk. That scared her. The fact James keeps reminding her that hes there and wants to be with her and take care of her gives her the opportunity to finally open up to a new world. One that isnt so silent but one thats also not too loud.1) prove the dialectical tension of autonomy and connection in James and Sarahs relationship?There is a lot of tension of autonomy and connection in Sarah and James relationship. Sarah doesnt have a fulfilling life of her ow n upon meeting James. She has not reached her potential and is works as a janitor at the school she has attended since the age of 5. James has done many things to build his career, impressing the head of the school with his resume during his job interview at the beginning of the film. This causes problems in their relationship because James wants to provide for Sarah (he gets her to quit her job and move in with him) but also wants her to be able to provide for herself (he wants her to learn to speak so she can get along in life). Sarah wants to provide for herself, but fears that she cant, saying that she is not deft for any job that will bring her fulfillment and security. Towards the end of the film, Sarah starts a new job and intends to go to college with her earnings so that she can reach her full potential. Only then, when they can both provide for themselves separately, will they reach a healthy autonomy and connection.2) What does the pool represent for Sarah?I think the po ol represents connection. When James asks Sarah what her experience of sound is like, she answers by saying that no one has been inside her head she could answer his question, but that doesnt mean he will understand. Underwater is somewhere where that question doesnt matter. It is where James can have a shared sensory experience with Sarah. At the end of the film, the bracing agree to find a place to connect that is between sound and silence, and the pool was the place where that first happened.3) Now that you have read ch 9, what about this Social exchange theory? Do Sarah and James fit the theory? Explain.The social exchange theory proposes that relationships are based on exchanges of give and take made to maximize benefits and minimize detriments. I think Sarah and James fit this theory. James is drawn to Sarah because she is unique, beautiful, and someone he sees as needing his help. James is a teacher, so he gets fulfillment from helping others. Sarah is drawn to James becaus e he accepts her and can provide security for her. She quits her job and moves in with him so that they can try to have the traditional life he wants. They both experience give and take in the relationship, but because Sarah has not yet reached her full potential in life, the exchanges do not seem balanced. At the end of the film, when James lets go of trying to help Sarah and she chooses her own path in life, the relationship begins a new course of equilibrium.4) Discuss how Social Penetration theory, uncertainty reduction, and existential theory is evident in the movie (look in the Baxter article).In the Social Penetration Theory, people must share some of themselves for a relationship to grow while belongings some of themselves separate or the relationship will deteriorate. This is evident in the film after Sarah and James begin living together, because they start to lose their individuality. Sarah leaves a party she is enjoying because James is bored. James does not listen to music anymore because Sarah cannot enjoy it. At the end of the film, Sarah states that they must learn to be separate but equal. In the Uncertainty Reduction Theory, people have an equal desire for predictability and novelty in relationships. In the film, Sarah wants predictability. She lives at the same school she has for almost her entire life, knowing that the staff understand her ways and will not try to change her. When James arrives, he tries to get her to break down her walls and learn to speak. The Existential Theory states that a persons desire to be open with others is balanced with a desire for privacy. Sarah willingly tells James about her sexual encounters quickly after they meet, but she never wants to speak in front of him, even after they have become very close.1. After watching the movie, it is clear there are many sources of tension on Sarah and James relationship. The couple grows close intimately, but they are separated in many ways, some more obvious than other s. The first and most obvious factor charge the couple apart is speech. Sara cannot speak, and while they are able to communicate through sign, she refuses to even attempt to read lips or produce noise. James says he is okay with this, but once or twice he begs her to try to make noise and say his name, which upsets Sarah so much it starts the end of their relationship. Sarah also has some issues of her own which are keeping the couple apart. Her fear of getting hurt like she did when she was younger have made her cold and angry, and it takes James a long time to even have a real conversation with her. When James finally does entice Sarah to go to dinner, and agrees and while dancing, she shows a tender side that lets James know she craves human connection. His persistant questions about her past and why she acts the way she does, why she refuses to admit she has been hurt, why she is afraid to speak coupled with Sarahs complex and silent demenour are comely to break the couple a part. Towards the end of the movie, Sarah admits she misses him, and the two agree to try again and come to a middle ground between silence and speech.2. In my opinion, for Sarah, the pool represents solitude and equality. She can be totally by herself, and not have to worry about talking to anyone. Being submerged underwater is silent for anyone, not just her. For a moment, she can feel equal to everyone else. It is the one place where she is not being asked to speak, not being spoken to, and not missing out on noise. Anyone who goes underwater will hear silence, and I would imagine it is comforting to her to know she is the same as anyone else, even if just for a moment. The pool is her escape.3. Our book defines the social exchange theory as being drawn to those who are able to offer benefits to you without asking for much in return. This is an interesting idea, and while I think it can be applied to most relationships, I do not think James and Sarah fit in this theory. Sarah and James do not have much in common, and neither has anything very huge or substantial to offer (no great deal of money, no great power, no great control, etc). James does tell Sarah she is the most beautiful and mysterious female child he has ever met, and Sarah tells James he is the nicest man she has ever met. They do offer each-other the benefit of compassion, love and companionship. But their relationship is far from perfect. James asks a lot from Sarah. He asks her personal questions she is not comfortable with respond and he asks her to let him help her speak, which she makes very clear is something she never intends to do. Sarah tries James patience, saying he is only with her because he wants to fix her and just wants to be with a blind girl just to say he has like every other hearing man. Their relationship is strained, and their expectations for eachother are strong enough to end the relationship. I do not think the social exchange theory applies to them.4. The certainty reduction theory says that people always look for what they know what is certain in themselves and others. Predictibility is favored in relationships. This is true especially for Sarah. She admits she has never let anyone in, and says she has never been hurt by anyone. It is normal for her to have a wall up, and that is what is comfortable for her. She is constantly going back fuck the wall and shutting down and shutting people out, like she did with James. Sarah does not like change she would rather be in her silent world that she has known for her entire life. James tries to threaten that silence, and she reacts with anger and hostility. The social brainstorm theory can definitely be seen in their relationship. When Sarah and James first began to talk, they talked about school, mopping, and jobs. Sarah made it difficult for James to talk about anything deep, and she often abruptly ended conversations. As they got closer and their relationship deepened, they talked about deeper topics, such as Sarahs dark past and why she pushes people away. Sarah admits she loves James and needs him and feels lonely without him, which is a huge break through since she told him earlier she never lets anyone in.